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RMT - LtB > 2 - APP - Unit 1.5 - Cell, tissues & body membranes > Flashcards

2 - APP - Unit 1.5 - Cell, tissues & body membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

Basic living unit of the body

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2
Q

Cell - 2 main parts

A
  • Nucleus - control center that direct cells activities

- Cytoplasm - Fluid within the cell (between cell membrane and nucleus)

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3
Q

Cell - Organelles

A
  • Means “little organs”

- Group of small structures floating in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Aka plasma membrane
  • Forms outer covering of cell
  • Basic structure: double layer of lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
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5
Q

Cell membrane - Function

A

Regulates the passage of substance travelling in & out of the cell

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6
Q

Cell - Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

Produces most of the energy of the cell in a process called aerobic cellular respiration (produced with oxygen)

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7
Q

Cell - Ribosomes

A

Makes enzymes and other proteins compounds

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8
Q

Cell - Endoplasmic reticulum

A

“plumbing of the cell”

A complex network of membrane-enclosed tubes and spaces within the cell’s cytoplasm that transports substances

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9
Q

Cell - 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Smooth - Makes and transports fat (lipids)

- Rough - Makes and transports proteins

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10
Q

Cell - Golgi bodies

A

“Warehouse of the cell”

Store and release products/susbance from cells

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11
Q

Cell - Lysomes

A

“Digestive system of the cell”

Contain enzymes that break down substances

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12
Q

Cell - Transport proteins

A

Large protein molecules found in the cell that provide transport of substances into and out of the cell

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13
Q

Cell - 2 processes of transport through cell membrane

A
  • Passive transport

- Active transport

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14
Q

Cell - Passive transport

A
  • No energy needed

- No transport protein needed

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15
Q

Cell - Passive transport - 3 processes

A
  • Diffusion (primary process)
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
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16
Q

Cell - Passive transport - Diffusion

A

Substances scatter themselves evenly

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17
Q

Cell - Passive transport - Osmosis

A

Water diffusion through the cell membrane

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18
Q

Cell - Passive transport - Filtration

A

Fluid passes through semi permeable membrane

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19
Q

Cell - Active transport

A
  • Energy required (ATP)
  • Transport protein required
  • Movement of substances from lower concentration to higher concentration.
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20
Q

Cell - Active transport - ATP

A

Aka Adenosine TriPhosphate
Chemical substance/molecule that gives the energy for the active transport process.
Regulating electrolytes (?)

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21
Q

Cell - Endocytosis

A

Cell function that makes large particules or volumes of water entering the cell

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22
Q

Cell - Endocytosis - 2 formes

A
  • Pinocytosis (“to drink”)

- Phagocytosis (“to eat”)

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23
Q

Cell - Endocytosis - Pinocytosis

A

Ingestion of small vesicles of extracellular fluid (water)

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24
Q

Cell - Endocytosis - Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, cell or portions of degenerating tissue

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25
Cell - Cellular respiration
Energy production. | Breakdown of glucose molecules to generate ATP
26
Cell - Cellular respiration - 2 types
- Anaerobic (energy produced without oxygen) | - Aerobic (energy produced with oxygen)
27
Cell - Cellular respiration - Anaerobic
- Energy production without oxygen - Aka Glycolysis (sugar split) - Occurs within the cytoplasm - Yields 2 molecules of ATP
28
Cell - Cellular respiration - Aerobic
- Energy production with oxygen - Aka Kreb's cycle - Occurs within the mitochondria - Yields 36-38 molecules of ATP
29
Tissues
Collection of similar cells that carry out specific functions
30
Tissues - 5 kinds that compose the body's organs
- Epithelial tissue - Connective tissue - Muscle tissue - Nervous tissue - Liquid tissue
31
Tissues - Epithelial tissue
Forms outer covering & inner linings of the body
32
Tissues - Epithelial tissue - 2 Classifications
This large group of tissues can be subdivided: - according to the shape of the cells - according to the arrangement of the cells
33
Tissues - Epithelial tissue - Shape classifications
- Squamous - flat and scale like - Transitional - oval and able to expand and contract - Cuboidal - cube shaped - Columnar - higher than wide
34
Tissues - Epithelial tissue - Arrangement classifications
- Simple (single layer of cells of same shape & size) | - Stratified (many layers of cells of same shape & size)
35
Tissues - Glands
Specialized structures formed by simple cuboidal epithelium | Function: secretion of substance inside and outside of the body
36
Tissues - Glands - 2 classification
- Exocrine - released secretion through a duct outside of the body - Endocrine - released secretion inside the body passing them directly into the bloodstream
37
Connective tissues
The mots abondant and widely distributed tissues of the body
38
Connective tissues - Matrix | not sure ?
Intercellular material found between the cells
39
Connective tissues - 6 types
1. Aeropolar connective tissue (Loose) 2. Adipose or fat tissue (Fat) 3. Fibrous connective tissue 4. Bone 5. Cartilage 6. Hematopoietic tisse (bone marrow)
40
Connective tissues - Aeropolar connective tissue
Delicate webs of fibers and cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft sticky, gel The most widely distributed of all connective tissues
41
Connective tissues - Adipose tissue
Stores lipids (fat)
42
Connective tissues - Fibrous connective tissue
Made of bundles of strong, white collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows
43
Connective tissues - Fibrous connective tissue compose
- Tendons | - Ligaments
44
Connective tissues - Tendon
Composed by Fibrous connective tissues | Connect the muscles to the bone
45
Connective tissues - Ligament
Composed by Fibrous connective tissues | Connect the bone to the bone
46
Connective tissues - Bone tissues
Tissue in which intercellular matrix is rendered hard by being impregnated with mineral salts as calcium, phosphate and calcium carbonate
47
Connective tissues - Cartilage
Firm plastic-like tissue
48
Connective tissues - Cartilage - 3 forms
- Hyaline cartilage - Fibrocartilage - Elastic cartilage
49
Connective tissues - Hyaline cartilage
Translucent matrix | Found in nose, windpipe, end of bones forming movable joints
50
Connective tissues - Fibrocartilage
Contains dense fibrous connective tissue fibers mixed with cartilage Found between vertebrae and pelvic bones (strong support + minimal range of movement required)
51
Connective tissues - Elastic cartilage
The most resilient (flexible) type of cartilage | Found in external ear
52
Connective tissues - Hematopoietic tissue
Tissue responsible for the formation of: - blood cells - lymphatic system cells (defense against diseases) Found in red marrow
53
Muscle tissue - Muscle cells
Movement specialist | Ability to shorten or contract = contractibility
54
Muscle tissue - Voluntary
Consciously controlled
55
Muscle tissue - Involuntary
Cannot consciously be controlled
56
Muscle tissue - Striated
Has striations (stripes)
57
Muscle tissue - Non-striated
Has no striations (patterns)
58
Muscle tissue - 3 kinds
- Skeletal muscle - Cardiac muscle - Smooth muscle tissue
59
Muscle tissue - Skeletal muscle
- Attached to bones - Striated - Voluntary and controlled movements
60
Muscle tissue - Cardiac muscle
- Form the walls of the heart - Allows to pump at regular involuntary intervals (no conscious control) - Striated
61
Muscle tissue - Smooth muscle tissue
- Form the wall of blood vessels and hollow organs (like intestines) - Involuntary (no conscious control) contractions to propel food through the digestive tract or regulate diameter of blood vessels - Not striated (smooth)
62
Nervous Tissue
Rapid communication between body structures and control of bodily function Controls and coordinates
63
Nervous Tissue - 2 kinds of cells
- Neurons - provide complex function | - Neuroglia - Support and structure neurons
64
Nervous Tissue - Neurons
- A cell body - 2 types of processes > Axon: transmit nerve impulse away from the cell body (sends info) > Dendrites: cary impulse toward the cell body (receive info)
65
Liquid Tissue
Composed of blood and lymph
66
Liquid Tissue - Blood
Fluid tissue circulating through body Brings nutrients to body cells Removes waste products
67
Liquid Tissue - Lymph
Derivated from blood and tissue fluid | Collected into lymphatic vessels
68
Body membranes - Membrane
Thin, sheet-like structure that may have important functions in the body
69
Body membranes - 2 types
- Epithelial membranes (epithelial tissue) | - Connective tissue membranes (various types of connective tissues)
70
Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - 3 types
- Cutaneous membrane (skin) - Serous membranes - Mucous membranes
71
Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Cutaneous membrane
The skin, primary and largest organ of the integumentary system
72
Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Serous membranes
Produces a thin, watery fluid to reduce friction (lubricant) when organs rub against each others or against cavities walls
73
Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Serous membranes - 3 types
- Pleura - covers the lung - Pericardium - covers the heart - Peritoneum - Lines the abdominal cavity
74
Body membranes - Epithelial membranes - Mucous membranes
Produce a thick, sticky substance that protects and lubricates Line the surface of the digestive and upper respiratory tracts
75
Body membranes - Connective tissue membranes - 2 types
- Fascial membranes | - Skeletal membranes
76
Body membranes - Connective tissue membranes - Fascial membranes
Anchor and support the soft tissue organs | Sheath arounds muscles ord other structures that support nerves and blood vessels
77
Body membranes - Connective tissue membranes - Skeletal membranes
Cover bones and cartilage - Periosteum: covers bones - Perichondrium: covers cartilage - Synovial membrane: lining joint cavities & secretes synovial fluid (lubricant between ends of bone at joints)

RMT - LtB (24 decks)

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