2 - APP - Unit 5.1 - Respiratory System Flashcards

Question

Modified Respiratory Movements - Coughing

Answer 1

Long-drawn & deep inspiration followed by complete closure of the rima glottidis, resulting in a strong expiration suddenly pushing the rima glottidis open & sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages.

Answer 2

Spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth Stimulus may be an irritation of the nasal mucosa

Answer 3

Long-drawn & deep inspiration immediately followed by shorter but forceful expiration.

Answer 4

Deep inspiration through the widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the lower jaw. May be stimulated by drowsiness, fatigue or someone else's yawning Precise stimulus-receptor cause unknown

Answer 5

Series of convulsive inspirations followed by a single prolonged expiration. The rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inspiration so only a little air enters the lungs with each inspiration

Answer 6

Inspiration followed by many short convulsive expirations, during which rima glottidis remains open & vocal cords vibrate Accompanied by characteristic facial expressions & tears.

Answer 7

Same basic movements as crying but rhythm of movement & facial expressions differ. Laughing & crying sometimes indistinguishable

Answer 8

= Singultis | Spasmodic diaphragm contraction followed by rima glottidis spasmodic closure producing sharp inspiration sound.

Answer 9

Forced expiration against a closed rima glottidis during periods of straining.

Answer 10

Temporary stoppage of breathing movements

Answer 11

Difficult, labored or painful breathing | Usually accompanied by discomfort & breathlessness

Answer 12

Normal or easy breathing with usual quiet inhalations & exhalations

Answer 13

Increase in depth & rate of breathing accompanied by abnormal exaggeration of respiratory movements

Answer 14

Difficult or labored breathing when the body is in a horizontal position. It is usually corrected by sitting or standing.

Answer 15

Abnormally rapid & shallow rate of breathing

Answer 16

Can be caused by disease or stress Rapid breathing causing body to lose carbon dioxide too quickly Blood level of carbon dioxide lowered, leading to alkalosis. Symptoms: dizziness & possible fainting. Correction: breath into a paper bag Exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide, air breathed in from paper bag will have higher levels too, restoring normal blood levels of carbon dioxide.

Answer 17

Majority of disorder involve defect or problem preventing outside air from reaching the alveoli Cause: - infection within upper or lower airway - Stem from mechanical obstruction of the airway

Answer 18

Disease-causing organism creating potential health hazard Cause: Bacterium Bacillus anthracis & its spores Inactive microscopic spores reside in the soil Favorable environment change into the anthrax bacterium, producing toxin, fatal to human & animals.

Answer 19

Inflammation of the trachea mucous membrane & bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucus Acute or chronic Follows upper respiratory tract infections Acute bronchitis: can be caused by inflammation spreading from nasopharynx or inhalation of irritating vapors.

Answer 20

Very infectious Cause: Corynebacterium diphteriae bacterium, causing oropharynx, nasopharynx & larynx mucous membranes to enlarge & become leathery which may lead to the airways obstruction & ultimately death by asphyxiation. Normal immunization process: effective children vaccine

Answer 21

= Flu Viral infection Inflammation of the respiratory system mucous membrane Symptoms: fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain & extreme exhaustion Complications: bronchopneumonia, neuritis, otitis media (middle ear infection) & pleurisy

Answer 22

Larynx (=voice box) inflammation Often secondary to other respiratory infections Symptom: hoarseness or loss of voice

Answer 23

= Whooping cough | Severe coughing attacks ending in a "whooping" sound & dyspnea

Answer 24

Red, inflamed throat Cause: - one of several bacteria or viruses - result of irritants - as too much smoking or speaking Symptoms: painful swallowing & extreme throat dryness

Answer 25

Infection of the lung Cause: bacteria or virus Alveoli become filed with a thick fluid (=exudate) containing both pus & red blood cells. Symptoms: chest pain, fever, chills & dyspnea Treatment: may require administration of oxygen & antibiotics

Answer 26

Infection of mucous membrane lining sinus cavities One or several cavities may be affected Symptoms: pain & nasal discharge If severe: may lead to serious complications

Answer 27

= TB Infectious lungs disease Cause: tubercle bacillus (=mycobacterium tuberculosis) Most affected organ: lungs May also affect: kidneys, bones & lymph Tubercles = Lesions forming within lung tissue in pulmonary TB

Answer 28

Respiratory disease Cause: inhaling asbestos fibers Result in: Scar tissue (fibosis) formation in the lung. They don't expand & contract normally Symptoms: shortness of breath on exertion, tightness in the chest & chest pain

Answer 29

Oxygen starvation | Cause: low atmospheric oxygen or interference with ventilation, external respiration or internal respiration

Answer 30

Inhalation of foreign substance as water, food or foreign body into bronchial tree

Answer 31

Airway becomes obstructed due to an inflammatory response to stimulus Previously thought primarly due to obstruction due to bronchoconstriction Stimuli may be allergen or psychological stress Symptoms: difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing & tightness in the chest Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs & sometimes inhaled bronchodilator

Answer 32

Lungs fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion

Answer 33

One cause: small cell (=oat cell) spreading rapidly to other organs Mainly smokers Other cause: Squamous cell or adenocarcinoma, not spreading rapidly Symptoms: cough & weight loss

Answer 34

Inherited disease of secretory epithelia Affects: respiratory passageways, pancreas, salivary glands & sweat glands Signs & symptoms: - pancreatic insufficiency - breathing difficulty - liver cirrhosis Characterized by: - thick secretions that do not drain easily from the respiratory passageways Build up of secretions leads to inflammation & replacement of injured cells with connective tissue that blocks these passageways One of the prominent features: blockage of pancreatic ducts so digestive enzymes cannot reach the intestine

Answer 35

Lungs alveoli over delated and losing elasticity & ability to rebond Alreoli may eventually rupture Air become trapped in the alveaoli making exhale difficult Forced exhalation required Reduced exchange of carbon dioxide & oxygen Dyspnea becoming more severe as disease progresses.

Answer 36

=nosebleed Loss of blood from the nose due to trauma, infection, allergy, cancers & bleeding disorders Treatment: cauterization with silver nitrate, electrocautery or firm nose bleeding

Answer 37

Growths that sometimes occur in the sinus cavity & cause an obstruction of the air pathway. Polyps may be surgically removed

Answer 38

Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs May arise from increased pulmonary capillary permeability (pulmonary origin) or increased pulmonary capillary pressure (cardiac origin), which may coincide with congestive heart failure. Symptoms: - dyspnea (most common) - wheezing - tachypnea (rapid respirations) - restlessness - feeling of suffocation - cyanosis - pallor (paleness) - diaphoresis (excessive perspiration)

Answer 39

``` Blood clot (embolism) traveling to the lung Condition may occur after surgery or if been on bed rest ``` Symptoms: sudden severe pain in the chest & dyspnea Diagnosis: by lung scan Treatment: anticoagulant therapy Prevention: early ambulation (walking) after surgery

Answer 40

Inflammation of nasal mucous membrane causing swelling & increased secretions Various forms include acute rhinitis & allergic rhinitis causes by allergen (= hay fever)

Answer 41

= chalicosis, lithosis, miner's asthma or miner's disease Cause: breathing dust containing silicon dioxide over long period of time Lungs become fibrosed reducing expansion capacity