2 - APP - Unit 5.2 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Question

Heart physiology - Right heart

Answer 1

1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters right atrium from superior & inferior vena cava 2. Then flows through tricuspid valve into right ventricule 3. Right ventricule contracts, forcing blood past the pulmonary semilunar valves into the pulmonary arteries, carrying blood to the lungs for oxygenation

Answer 2

1. Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters left atrium from pulmonary veins 2. Then flows through bicuspid (mitral) valve into left ventricule 3. Left ventricule contracts, forcing blood past the aortic semilunar valves into aorta, carrying blood to the rest of the body

Answer 3

Individual at rest: between 72 to 80 times/minute | Each beat: 60-80 ml of blood ejected from the ventricles (=stroke volume)

Answer 4

Quantity of blood ejected from the ventricules at each beat (60-80ml)

Answer 5

Total volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute Adult body average: 5,000ml So all blood is pumped through the heart about once every minute

Answer 6

Heart receives blood from coronary artery Branches into right and left coronaries arteries, which branch into various coronary arteries feeding heart muscle

Answer 7

Sound made by valves when they close

Answer 8

Heard first | Closure of Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & bicuspid)

Answer 9

= S2 sound Heard second Shorter and higher pitched Closure of Semilunar valves (aortic & pulmonic) Certain conditions cause changes in action of heart valves.

Answer 10

Heart removed from body continues to beat rhythmically Heartbeat generates in the heart muscle itself Heart rate: affected by endocrine & nervous systems Myocardium contracts rhythmically as a forceful pump

Answer 11

= Pacemaker Group of contracting cells Control heart muscle contractions Location: at the opening of the superior vena cava into the right atrium Sends out electrical impulse that begins and regulate heart Impulse spreads out over: atria making them contract causing blood to flow downward from the 2 upper atrial chambers through ventricular openings Impulse eventually reaches Atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 12

Conducting group of cells between atria & ventricle From the AV node, the electrical impulse is carries to conducting fibers in the atrioventricular septum (=atrioventricular bundle)

Answer 13

= Bundle of His Conducting fibers in atrioventricular septum Divides into right & left branch, subdividing into fine network of branches spreading throughout the ventricules (=Purkinje network)

Answer 14

Fine network of branches spreading throughout the ventricules (result of division of Atrioventricular bundle) Electrical impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers to the ventricles causing them to contract. Heart then rests briefly.

Answer 15

Blood vessels circulate blood through 2 major circulatory systems: - Cardiopulmonary circulation - Systemic circulation

Answer 16

Blood flows from right side of the heart to the lungs and back to left side of the heart

Answer 17

Blood flows from left side of the heart to the tissues and cells of the body and back to right side of the heart

Answer 18

Three types of blood vessels arteries arterioles and capillaries

Answer 19

Carry blood away from the heart Transport blood under very high pressure They are elastic, muscular and thick walled Larger arteries branch into smaller arteries, branching into arterioles (means tiny arteries) Arterioles give rise to the capillaries

Answer 20

= tiny arteries Results of smaller arteries branching Arterioles give rise to the capillaries

Answer 21

Smallest blood vessels (seen through a compound microscope) 1. Capillary walls extremely thin: allows selective permeability of various substances. Nutrients molecules & oxygen pass out of the capillaries and into the surrounding cells & tissues. 2. Metabolic waste products (as carbon dioxide & nitrogenous wastes) pass back from the cells and tissues into bloodstream for excretion at their proper sites. 3. Capillaries then drain into small veins (=venules)

Answer 22

= small veines | Capilaries drain into venules which drain into larger vessels (=veins)

Answer 23

Carry blood towards the heart. Have valves along their length, allowing blood flow in only in one direction: toward the heart. Smaller veins converge to form larger veins, ultimately forming the body’s largest veins: the vena cavae Venous blood from the airport part of the body returns to the right atrium via the superior vena cava Blood from the lower body parts is conducted to the heart via the inferior vena cava

Answer 24

When heart pumps blood into the arteries, the surge of blood filling the vessels creates pressure against their walls. Pressure in arteries closest to the heart is greatest & gradually decreases as blood travels further away from the heart.

Answer 25

Pressure measured at the moment of contraction. Average measured in adult upper arm: 120mm/Hg

Answer 26

Lessened force of a blood measured when the ventricles are relaxed Average measured in adult upper arm: 80mm/Hg

Answer 27

Difference between the systolic & diastolic. If blood pressure is recorded 120/80, pulse pressure is 40

Answer 28

Expl: artery at the wrist | Can feel alternating beating throbs: body's pulse

Answer 29

Alternating expansion & contraction of an artery as as blood flows through it Pulse rate usually same as heart rate

Answer 30

Where main artery to the injured part lies near the skin surface over a bone. The 7 location where we can feel pulse may also serve as pressure points. If direct pressure can't be applied to a wound, apply pressure to closest pulse point.

Answer 31

One of the leading causes of death in the US: cardiovascular disease Common signes: - Arrhythmia - Bradycardia - Tachycardia - Murmurs - Mitral valve prolapse

Answer 32

= Dysrhythmia | Term used to discuss any change or deviation from the normal rate or rhythm of the heart

Answer 33

Slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute)

Answer 34

Rapid heart rate (more than 100 beats per minute)

Answer 35

Indicate defects in the valves of the heart. Gurgling or hissing sound when valves fail to close properly May be classified according to which valve is affected or according to heart's cardiac cycle: - when heart is contracting: systolic murmur - when heart is at rest: diastolic murmur

Answer 36

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle closes imperfectly. Symptoms thought to occur as a response to stress. Include: fatigue, palpitation (heart feels like racing), headache, chest pain and anxiety. Alleviate symptoms: exercise, restricting sugar & caffeine intake, adequate fluid intake and relaxation

Answer 37

Narrowing of the arteries supplying oxygen and nutrient- filled blood to the heart muscle. Usually results from the buildup of plaque on the artery walls (atherosclerosis). If artery completely blocked, a myocardial infarction may occur. Prevention: change lifestyle habits (no smoking, increased exercise & reduction of cholesterol). One of the most important symptoms: Angina

Answer 38

Not a disease but a symptom of underlying coronary circulation problem Angina pectoris occurs quite suddenly. Severe chest pain arising when heart does not receive enough oxygen. Radiates from precordial area to the left shoulder down the arm along the ulnar nerve. Victims often experience feeling of impending death. Possible causes: stress or physical exhaustion. Treatment: Nitroglycerine, a drug helping dilating coronary arteries to permit blood flow to the heart

Answer 39

=MI or Heart Attack Cause: Lack of blood supply to the heart muscle, the myocardium Origin: - Blocking of the coronary artery by a blood clot - Narrowing of the coronary artery as a result of arteriosclerosis - A loss of elasticity & thickening of the wall - Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arterial walls)

Answer 40

Cause: usually a bacteria or virus Treatment: antibiotic therapy

Answer 41

Inflammation of the membrane lining the heart and covering the valves, causing the formation of rough spots in the endocardium, leading to the development of a fatal blood clot (thrombus).

Answer 42

Inflammation of the heart muscle. | Symptoms may be same as pericarditis

Answer 43

Inflammation of the outer membrane covering the heart. Symptoms: - pain in the chest area overlying the heart - cough - dyspnea (difficulty breathing) - rapid pulse - fever

Answer 44

Result of a person having freaquent strep throat infections during childhood, which may lead to remain rheumatic fever. Antibodies formed to protect the child from the strep throat or rheumatic fever may attach lining of the heart, especially bicuspid/mitral valve. Valve becomes inflamed & may be scarred, leading to valve narrowing. Mitral valve is then unable to close properly, interfering with blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Important for children with streptococcal infections to be treated with antibiotic therapy.

Answer 45

Occurs heart ventricles are unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart. Different symptoms depending on which ventricle fails: - left ventricle fails: dyspnea - right ventricle fails: engorgement of organs with venous blood occurs, edema (excessive fluid in tissues) & ascities (abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity) - Other symptoms: lung congestion & coughing

Answer 46

Excessive fluid in tissues

Answer 47

Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

Answer 48

Similar to hurt failure with edema of the lower extremities. Blood backs up into the lung vessels & fluid extends into the air passages. Treatment: cardiotonics & diuretics (drug reducing amount of fluid in the body)

Answer 49

Drug reducing amount of fluid in the body

Answer 50

Ballooning out of an artery, accompanied by a thinning arterial wall, caused by a weakening of the blood vessel ( like having a bubble on a tire). The aneurysm pulsates with each systolic beat. Symptoms: pain & pressure - Sometime no symptoms Most common aneurysm site: aorta

Answer 51

Occurs when arterial walls thicken because of the loss of electricity as aging occurs. In Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis, there is an narrowing of the blood vessels opening, interfering with the blood supply to the body parts and causing hypertension. Symptoms develop where circulation is impaired: - numbness and tingling of the lower extremities - loss of memory

Answer 52

Disease that occurs when deposits of fatty substances form along the walls of the arteries

Answer 53

= stroke Sudden interruption of blood supply to the brain, resulting in a loss of oxygen to the brain cells, causing impairment of brain tissue and/or death. - 90% of strokes: caused by blood clots, lodging in the carotid arteries, choking off the brain blood supply - 10% of strokes: hemorrhagic strokes. Caused by rupture of blood vessels within brain. Symptoms depend on side of the brain with blood supply interrupted: - Right cerebrum: affects spatial and perceptual abilities and cause weakness or hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body. - Left cerebrum: aphasia (loss of speech & memory), right sided hemiplegia. Common symptoms (No two patients experience same injuries/disabilities) - vision problems - communication difficulties - dysphasia (inability to say what one which is to say) - emotional lability (uncontrolled, unexplained outward displays of emotions) - depression, - coma - possible death

Answer 54

Death of tissue due to an insufficient blood supply by disease or injury

Answer 55

Varicose veins in the walls of the lower rectum and anus

Answer 56

= high blood pressure = the silent killer (Usually no symptoms) blood pressure is 140/90 or higher. Leads to: - strokes - heart attack - kidney failures

Answer 57

Low blood pressure | Usually systolic reading is under hundred mm/Hg

Answer 58

Caused by blockage of the arteries (usually in the legs). Symptoms: - pain or cramping in the legs or buttocks while walking (= claudication) Symptoms as condition worsens: - pain in the toes and feet while at rest - numbness - paleness - cyanosis in the foot or leg.

Answer 59

Inflammation of the lining of a vein accompanied by clotting of blood in the vein. Symptoms: - edema (swelling) of the affected area - pain - redness along the length of the vein

Answer 60

Temporary interruption of blood flow (ischemia) to the brain. Usual cause: narrowing of the carotid artery due to an accumulation of fat. Stroke-like symptoms: - dizziness - weakness - temporary paralysis lasting less than 24 hours 50% of people having TIAs have major stroke within the following year

Answer 61

Inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially heart muscles.

Answer 62

Swollen veins resulting from slowing of blood flow back to the heart. Blood backs up in the veins if the muscle don't massage them. The weight of the stagnant blood distends the vales The continued pooling of blood then causes distention and inelasticity of the vein walls. Cause: - hereditary weakness in vein structure Other possible causes: - human posture - prolonged periods of standing & physical exertion, causing valves in the superficial leg veins to enlarge and weaken - age - pregnancy

Answer 63

Deficiency in the number and/or percentage of red blood cells and in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Causes: - large or chronic loss of blood, decreasing the number of erythrocytes - other environmental factors (as nutritional deficiencies or chemical exposure)

Answer 64

``` Cause: suppression of the bone marrow. S Cause of suppression: - chemical agents - certain drugs - radiation therapy ``` Bone marrow does not produce enough red or white blood cells

Answer 65

Blood clot in a deep vein. Affects the veins in the lower leg or the thigh. DVT involves the formation of a clot (thrombus) in the larger veins of the area, which may interfere with circulation, and may break off & travel through the bloodstream (embolize). Resulting embolus can lodge in the brain, lungs, heart or other area, causing severe damage to that organ. Risk factors: - prolonged seating - bed rest - immobilization (as long plane or car trips) - recent surgery or trauma (especially hip, knee or gynecological surgery) - fractures - childbirth within the last six months - use of medication (as estrogen or birth control pills) Symptoms (in one leg only) - leg pain - leg pain - swelling (edema) - increased warmth - changes in skin color

Answer 66

``` Embolus carried by blood stream until it reaches an artery too small for passage An embolus is foreign to bloodstream: - air - blood clot - cancer cells - fat - bacterial clumps - needle - a bullet that was lodged in tissue and breaks free ```

Answer 67

Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space. Cause: traumatic injury (as a blow) that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

Answer 68

Hereditary disease Blood clots slowly or abnormally, causing prolonged bleeding with even minor cuts or bumps. Sex-linked hemophilia occurs mostly in males, is genetically transmitted by females to their sons. Person with hemophilia may be treated with the missing including factor. Hemophiliac is taught to avoid trauma & report promptly any bleeding, no matter how slight.

Answer 69

Often exist in women children and adolescents. Cause: deficiency of adequate amount of iron in diet Leads to: insufficient hemoglobin synthesis in the red blood cells. Easily treatment: ingestion of iron supplements & green leafy vegetables, containing the mineral iron.

Answer 70

Cancerous or malignant condition Great increase in the number of white blood cells Overabundant immature leukocytes replace the erythrocytes, interfering with the transport of oxygen into the tissues. They can also hinder the synthesis of new red blood cells from bone marrow. The acute form of the disease, which develops quickly and runs its course rapidly, occurs most often in children & young adults. Treatment: - drug therapy - bone marrow transplants - radiation therapy (which has given people with leukemia remissions lasting for several years)

Answer 71

Form of anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency and/or lack of the intrinsic factor Seen in association with some autoimmune and endocrine diseases. The intrinsic factor produced by the stomach mucosa is necessary for the absorption & utilization of vitamin B 12. Vitamin B 12 & folic acid are necessary for the development of mature red blood cells. Symptoms: - Dyspnea - Pallor - Fatigue - Specific neurologic changes Treatment: involves injection of vitamin B 12

Answer 72

Too many red blood cells are formed. This may be a temporary condition which book hers but high altitudes because there is less oxygen prison. The disease policy team yet vera cause unknown is a condition of too many red blood cells. The increase in the number of red blood cells causes a thickening of the blood was possible blood clot formation

Answer 73

Cause: exposure to the cold or strong emotions Blood vessels spasms resulting in interruption of blood flow to the fingers, toes, ears & nose, becoming white, due to lack of blood flow in area. Then they turn blue, due to tiny blood vessels dilating to allow more blood to remain in the tissues. When blood flow returns, area becomes red and then returns to normal color. Associated with: tingling, swelling & painful throbbing. Attacks my last for minutes to hours. If condition progresses: blood flow to area could become permanently decreased, causing the fingers to be content and tapered, with smooth, shinny skin.

Answer 74

Presence of pathogenic organisms or toxins in the blood

Answer 75

Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents Red blood cells form in abnormal crescent shape. These cells carry less oxygen and break easily, causing anemia. The sickling trait: less serious disease, occurs with inheritance from only one parent. Most prevalent in African-Americans affecting about 1 in 400.

Answer 76

Decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytes) | Blood will not clot properly

Answer 77

Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel. Blood clot formed = thrombus. Cause: - unusually slow blood circulation - changes in the blood or blood vessels walls - immobility or a decrease in mobility. Sometimes the formation of a blood clot is coupled with inflammation of a vein in a condition known as thrombophlebitis

Answer 78

Blood clot formed in a blood vessel

Answer 79

Formation of a blood clot coupled with inflammation of a vein

2 - APP - Unit 5.2 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(103 cards)