2 RESPIRATION, LUNGS + DIFFUSION

Question 1

Define diffusion

Answer 1

The random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 2

How does an increased temperature affect diffusion

Answer 2

Molecules have more kinetic energy so move faster - diffusion occurs faster

Question 3

How does increasing concentration gradient affect diffusion

Answer 3

Large concentration gradient will make particles move from high to low quicker

Question 4

How does increasing the surface area and surface area : volume ration affect diffusion

Answer 4

• Larger SA increases diffusion as particles can move over a larger area
• Small structures have large SA:V ratios, so diffusion occurs quicker

Question 5

Function of the trachea

Answer 5

• Allows air into lungs
• Surrounded by C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep trachea open under pressure, and allow swallowing easier

Question 6

Function of the bronchi

Answer 6

2 tubes that lead air to the lungs, that are also surrounded by cartilage rings

Question 7

Function of the bronchi

Answer 7

2 tubes that lead air to the lungs, that are also surrounded by cartilage rings

Question 8

Function of bronchioles

Answer 8

Branch of bronchi that carry air deep into the thorax

Question 9

Function of alveoli

Answer 9

At the end of bronchiels. Carry out gas exchange

Question 10

Function of pleural membrane

Answer 10

• Forms a layer between lungs and thorax walls
• Prevent lungs sticking to the thorax wall when they inflate and deflate

Question 11

Function of ribs

Answer 11

Protect the organs in thorax

Question 12

Function of intercoastal muscles

Answer 12

Connect ribs and control ventilation

Question 13

Function of intercoastal muscles

Answer 13

Connect ribs and control ventilation

Question 14

Function of diaphragm

Answer 14

Controls ventilation

Question 15

Function of diaphragm

Answer 15

Controls ventilation

Question 16

Describe what happens upon inhalation

Answer 16

• Diaphragm contracts, moving down and flattening
• Intercostal muscles contract, moving rib cage up and out
• Volume of thorax to increase, and pressure to fall
• Air pressure is less than atmospheric, so air moves in

Question 17

Describe what happens upon exhalation

Answer 17

• Diaphragm relaxes, moving up and doming
• Intercostal muscles relax, moving rib cage down and in
• Volume of thorax to decrease and air pressure to rise
• Air pressure is more than atmospheric pressure, so air moves out lungs

Question 18

How is Co2 carried around the body

Answer 18

Dissolved in plasma of blood

Question 19

How are capillaries large surface area efficent for gas exchange

Answer 19

Large surface area, which increases rate of diffusion of oxygen in, and carbon dioxide out

Question 20

How does each alveolus being currounded by a network of capillareis make it effecient for gas exchange

Answer 20

• Constantly carrry deoxygenated blood to alveolus and oxygenated blood away
• Maintains high concentration gradient and speeds up diffusion

Question 21

How do the alveoli only being one cell thick, being right next to capillary walls (and them being only one cell thick), increase gas exhange

Answer 21

• Gases only need to move a very small distance, speeding up diffusion

Question 22

High Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

Answer 22

Yellow

Question 23

High Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

Answer 23

Yellow

Question 24

Atmospheric Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

Answer 24

Red

Question 25

Low Co2 levels in hydrocarbonate indicator

Answer 25

Purple

Question 26

Why does breating rate increase during exercise

Answer 26

* Co2 is excreted more rapidly * Oxygen can diffuse into blood at higher rate * Heart rate increases, and supplies more oxygen to muscles for aerobic respiration * Extra oxygen is supplied to oxidise lactic acid produced by muslces respiring anaerobically

Question 27

Why is nicotine harmful

Answer 27

Highly addictive in tobacco

Question 28

What biological effect do carcinogens in tobacco smoke have

Answer 28

Alter DNA and increase the risk of cancer

Question 29

What biological effect do carcinogens in tobacco smoke have

Answer 29

Alter DNA and increase the risk of cancer

Question 30

What are the biological effects of carbon monoxide when smoking

Answer 30

* Irreversibly binds to haemoglobin forming carboxyhaemoglobin * Reduced amount of oxygen transported in blood

Question 31

What are the biological effects of carbon monoxide when smoking (in pregnancy)

Answer 31

Baby gets less oxygen, and will weigh less at birth

Question 32

What is the biological effect of smoking on cilia

Answer 32

* Goblet cells (on lining of trachea and bronchi) produce mucas trapping dust and pathogens, which is then moved by cilia up the airway * Chemicals in tobacco smoke destroy cilia reducing there number and mucas production increases * Mucas cannot be moved away so builds up * Causes smokers cough, infection and bronchitis

Question 33

How does smoking effect the alveoli

Answer 33

The walls break down and fuse together forming larger irregualr air spaces - decreases SA so less gas exchange (enphysema)

Question 34

How does smoking increase the risk of CHD

Answer 34

Increases blood pressure, and risk of fatty deposits forming

Question 35

How is energy released from respiration

Answer 35

As ATP

Question 36

Aerobic respiration word equation

Answer 36

Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water

Question 37

Aerobic respiration word equation

Answer 37

Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water

Question 38

Difference in respiration - glucose

Answer 38

Aerobic fully oxidises it, therfore releasing lots of ATP, whereas anaerobic it doesn't so less ATP is released

Question 39

Animal anaerobic respiration equation

Answer 39

Glucose --> Lactic Acid

Question 40

Plant and fungi anaerobic respiration equation

Answer 40

Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

Question 41

When does anaerobic respiration occur

Answer 41

Conditions of no oxygen

Question 42

Where is lactic acid oxidised

Answer 42

Liver

Question 43

How do the alveoli only being one cell thick, being right next to capillary walls (and them being only one cell thick), increase gas exhange

Answer 43

* Gases only need to move a very small distance, speeding up diffusion

Question 44

Describe what happens upon inhalation

Answer 44

* Diaphragm contracts, moving down and flattening * Intercostal muscles contract, moving rib cage up and out * Volume of thorax to increase, and pressure to fall * Air pressure is less than atmospheric, so air moves in