Histology - Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

phosopholipid bilayer (histological trilayer), Transport through the membrane may be passive or active (requires extra energy). Some organelles are membrane-bound (e.g., golgi, RER, SER, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus).

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

outside layer

A

e-face

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3
Q

inner face

A

p-face

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4
Q

“condensed” DNA, electron sense; little or no trnscription.

A

Heterochromatin

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5
Q

“uncoiled” DNA; electron lucent; active transcription

A

Euchromatin

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6
Q

rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly; prominent feature during protein synthesis.

A

Nucleolus

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7
Q

double-membrane later; nuclear pores.

A

Nuclear envelope

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8
Q

contains organelles required to synthesize, package, and secrete proteins - exocytosis. Has a lot of RER, golgi app., and secretory vesicles.

A

Protein-secreting cell

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9
Q

Flattened, membranous sacs w/ ribosomes. ER-bound ribosomes on membrane surface synthesize proteins into cisterna (lumen). (secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lysosomal enzymes)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

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10
Q

Flattened, membranous sacs; no ribosomes. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the RER into membrane-bound vesicles. Vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane (or to lysosomes).

A

Golgi Apparatus

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11
Q

Membrane-bound, carry secretory proteins. Transported to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, release products into extracellular environment.

A

Secretory vesicles (granules)

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12
Q

vesicles stored until signaled to be released at once. (paneth cells)

A

Regulated secretion

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13
Q

products secreted as they are formed (plasma cells)

A

Constitutive secretion

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14
Q

Abundant organelles required to synthesize lipid-based products. No vesciles: lipids pass easily through membranes. See a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), vesicular mitochondria, lipid inclusions.

A

Steroid-secreting cell

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15
Q

Membrane-enclosed tubes; no ribosomes. Convert choloestreols into streroid products (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, clucocoticoids)

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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16
Q

Contain tube-shaped cristae; modify steroids.

A

Vesicular mitochondria

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17
Q

Cholesterol storage for steroid production.

A

Lipid inclusions (droplets)

18
Q

Rod-shaped, double-membrane. Outer: smooth. Inner: folded, from cristae. ATP sysnthesis during aerobic respiation. Provides energy for active transport. Has microvilli and basal folds.

A

Mitochondria

19
Q

folded plasma membrane and cytoplasm adjacent ot lumen.

A

Microvilli

20
Q

folded plasma membrane and cytoplasm adjacent to a other tissies, increases SA.

A

Basal folds

21
Q

Engulf macromolecules, cellular debris, bacteria. Identifys targets with receptors, engulfs targes with pseudopodia. Degrades targets with lysosomes (pgaholysosomes). Stores non-degradable components within residual body.

A

Phagocytic cell

22
Q

spherical, membrane-enclosed. Degrade ALL endocytosed material (anything brought into cell within vesicles) with hydrolytic enzymes. Also has autophagy - “self-eating”. Degraded contents are recycles; indigestible contents are stored in residual bodies and exocytosed.

A

Lysosomes

23
Q

“cell drinking”, generalized type of endocytosis by all cells. Brings in water & small dissolved solutes. Forms vesicles; fuse with lysosomes.

A

Pinocytosis

24
Q

highly selective endocytosis. Cargo proteins bind to cargo receptors.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

25
Q

Synthesis of proteins used inside the cell, -not secreted, not within vesicles. Not especially abundant in protein secreting cells.

A

Free ribosomes (polyribosomes)

26
Q

cell morphology (shape), movement (organelles within cell, transport along surface, movement of whole cell). Components: Actin (thin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules).

A

Cytoskeleton

27
Q

support, contraction, adhesion (Adherens junction, fascia adherens)

A

Actin

28
Q

adhesion (high tensile strength), (desmosomes)

A

Intermediate filaments

29
Q

support, movement, Lengthen and shorten (- end and + end). Formation directed by MTOC, a centrosome contianing 2 centrioles) (flagella, cilia)

A

Microtubules

30
Q
  1. integrity to plasma membrane. 2. integrity of genetic apparatus. 3. protein synthesis. 4. aerobic respiration.
A

4 ways to kill a cell

31
Q

disrupt integrity of genetic apparatus

A

viral infections

32
Q

disrupt integrity of plasma membrane

A

bacteria infections

33
Q

disrupts protein synthesis, waste builds up.

A

lysosomal storage disease

34
Q

disrupts aerobic respiration.

A

hypoxia

35
Q

intentional and controlled cellular disassembly causing cell death

A

Apoptosis

36
Q

unintentional cell death from injury

A

necrosis

37
Q

fixes reversible damage from injury

A

repair

38
Q

adaptation to stress, making more cells

A

hyperplasia

39
Q

daapttaion to stress, grow bigger

A

hypertrophy

40
Q

cells grow smallser, response to stress

A

atrophy

41
Q

cells transform in response to stress

A

metaplasia

42
Q

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia

A

ways cells respond to stress