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Histology > Histology - Respiration > Flashcards

Histology - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Ciliated cells: Lose synchronized beating, Decrease in #s ciliated cells Goblet cells: Increase secretion, Increase in #s goblet cells Seromucous glands: Increase secretion, Hypertrophy

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2
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Defective chloride ion regulator. NaCl build up in cell, draws water from mucus. Dehydrated viscous musuc, mucociliary escalator ineffective, muscous plugs obstruct airways, chronic infections.

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3
Q

Kulchitsky cells (small granule cells)

A

Neuroendocrine cells (catecholamine, serotonin, etc.) that may participate in local reflexes regulating airway or vascular caliber (neuroepithelial bodies)

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4
Q

Trachea 1’ Bronchi Characteristics

A

Pseudostratifeid columnar, cilated & goblet cells, K cells, brush cells, basal cells, seromucus glands, hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Clara cells

A

dome-shaped cells with short microvilli, found in the small airways (bronchioles). protect the bronchiolar epithelium, secrete lung surfactant, detoxify harmful substance, also act as a stem cell, multiplying and differentiating into ciliated cells

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6
Q

Smooth muscle in tracheobronchial tree

A

Deep, it contracts to control air velocity and distribution.

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7
Q

Bronchial Asthma (extrinsic)

A

Starts as hypersensitivity reaction. Characterized by mucus in lumen, inflammation and BM thickening, enlarged musous glands, smooth muscle hyperplasia.

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8
Q

Patency Support (Cartilage) in Trachea

A

“C” - shaped Cartiledge Rings

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9
Q

Patency Support (Cartilage) In 2’ & 3’ Bronchi

A

Discontinuous Plates

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10
Q

Patency Support (Cartilage) in Bronchioles (incl. terminal bronchioles):

A

Elastic fibers and surfactant from Clara Cells

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11
Q

Interalveolar Septum Occupants

A
  1. Type I alveolar cells (2) 2. Type I capillary endothelium 3. Fused basal lamina between endothelial cell & type I cell
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12
Q

Path of O2 (From alveolar air space to RBC)

A
  1. Cytoplasm: Type I alveolar cell (P1)
  2. Fused basal lamina (BM)
  3. Cytoplasm: Endothelial cell (E)
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13
Q

Surfactant functions

A

Surface tension, anti-bacterial-viral-fungi, inflammatory response functions

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14
Q

Alveolar macrophages (M)

A

Antigen presentation, Inflammatory response. Originate from monocytes, called dust cells.

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15
Q

Terminal bronchiole epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal, Clara cells, ciliated cells (NO alveoli)

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16
Q

Respiratory bronchiole epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal, Clara cells, Simple squamous (type I alveolar cells) lining alveoli. Bands of smooth muscle.

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17
Q

Alveolar duct epithelium

A

Simple squamous (type I alveolar cells) lining alveoli (+ other cells present in alveolus) . SLIPS of smooth muscle.

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18
Q

Terminal bronchiole patecy support

A

Elastic fibers, Surfactant (Clara cells)

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19
Q

Respiratory bronchiole patency support

A

Elastic fibers, Surfactant (Clara cells & type II cells)

20
Q

Alveolar duct patency support

A

Elastic fibers, Surfactant (type II cells)

21
Q

Alveolar sac and Alveolus Basic Characteristics

A

Simple squamous (type I alveolar cells) lining alveoli (+ other cells present in alveolus) . NO smooth muscle. {atency support from Eeastic fibers, Surfactant (type II cells).

22
Q

GI & respiratory systems embryonic germ layer

A

Endoderm

23
Q

smooth mm, general CT (organs), cardiac muscle, connective tissue, circulatory system (blood and lymph) embryonic orgin

A

visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm

24
Q

Tracheoesophageal septum

A

Formed by fusion of two longitudinally-oriented tracheoesophageal ridges (or folds). Separates the trachea (anterior) from the esophagus (posterior).

25
Q

Respiratory diverticulum

A

lung bud

26
Q

most common Tracheoesophageal malformation

A

Esophageal atresia with Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

27
Q

Canalicular period

A

16 weeks = 26-28 weeks

28
Q

Surfactant production begins at

A

20 weeks

29
Q

Terminal sac period

A

(26-28 weeks – birth) Capillaries now associated with primitive alveoli, blood-air barrier established.

30
Q

Alveolar period

A

More primitive alveoli develop & mature into adult alveoli. Lung takes on open, “lacy” appearance .At end of 300 million alveoli present

31
Q

Trends in Respiration from Upper to Lower Tracts

A

Lower portions of the respiratory tract show progressive loss of the various components characteristic of the trachea; that is, less and less cartilage, progressively lower epithelium, gradual loss of goblet cells, and finally loss of cilia and smooth muscle.

32
Q

Where do Clara cells begin? Where do they end?

A

BEGIN: Primary bronchioles
END: Alveolar ducts

33
Q

Separates the trachea (anterior) from the esophagus (posterior). Formed by fusion of two longitudinally-oriented ridges (or folds).

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

34
Q

Type I cells

A

(97% of alveolar surfaces) line the alveoli. Squamous; thin for optimal gas diffusion.

35
Q

Type II cells

A

(3%) secrete pulmonary surfactant (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine), which increases the alveolar surface tension. Cuboidal and clustered. Also serve as precursors to type I cells and other type II cells. Type II cells proliferate during lung damage.

36
Q

Airway Submucosa Components

A

Loose Commective Tissue (Elastic fibers, larger blood & lymphatic
vessels.)

Smooth muscle or Glands

37
Q

Most common tracheoesophogeal abnormality (90%)

VACTERL association.

A 
Esophageal atresia with 
Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
38
Q

VACTERL

A

Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
TEF
Esophageal atresia
Renal defects
Limb defects

39
Q

Ends 16 weeks = 4 months

  • Terminal bronchioles (cuboidal epithelium)
  • Capillaries present (not associated)
  • No respiratory bronchi or alveoli
A

Pseudoglandular period

40
Q

Canalicular period

A

16 weeks = 26-28 weeks

Terminal bronchioles (cuboidal epi.)

Respiratory bronchioles (cuboidal epi.)

Capillaries present (not associated)

No alveoli

41
Q

Terminal sac period

A

26-28 weeks – birth

  • Blood-Air-Barrier established.
  • Terminal sacs or Primitive alveoli lined by simple squamous cells.
  • Capillaries now associated with primitive alveoli
  • Surfactant secretion greatly increases
42
Q

Alveolar period

A

Birth - 8 - 10 years

More primitive alveoli develop & mature into adult alveoli
Lung takes on open, “lacy” appearance.
At end of alveolar period: 300 million alveoli present

43
Q

Visceral Pleura Origin

A

Sphlanic Mesoderm

44
Q

Parietal Pleura Origin

A

Somatic Mesoderm

45
Q

Large Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma

A

Mutations in stem cells of the epithelium due to persistent exposure to carcinogens (smoking)

46
Q

Small Cell Carcinoma

A

Mutations in epithelial neuroendocrine cells from persistent exposure

47
Q

Mutations of ciliated cells and mucous cells can cause…

A

Adenocarcinoma

Histology (33 decks)

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