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Histology > Histology - Urinary System > Flashcards

Histology - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

composed of renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, and distal convoluted tubules

A

cortical labyrinth

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2
Q

impermeable to water but permeable to salts

A

ascending thin limb of Henle

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2
Q

when filtration rate is low…

A

macula densa cells stimulate juxtaglomerular (granular) cells to increase release of the protease enzyme renin into the blood

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3
Q

separates renal pyramids from one another

A

renal columns (of Bertin)

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4
Q

stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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4
Q

aldosterone

A

causes greater sodium reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting tubules, which then triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland to increase blood volume and blood pressure (and concentrate urine)

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5
Q

afferent glomerular arterioles

A

supply renal corpuscles

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6
Q

absence of ADH

A

makes collecting tubules impermeable to water and allows urine to be dilute (hypotonic) and have high volume

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7
Q

EPO produced by

A

peritubular capillary cells, chronic kidney diseases may result in anemia

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7
Q

thin inner and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers, with a thick middle circular smooth muscle layer that forms the internal urethral sphincter muscle around the internal orifice of the urethra

A

bladder muscularis (detrusor muscle)

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7
Q

impermeable to water but permeable to salts, sodium reabsorption increases in response to aldosterone from adrenal (suprarenal) cortex

A

distal tubule of nephron

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8
Q

Modified smooth muscle cellsbetween capillaries. They have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier.They secrete interleukin 1 and platelet derived growth factor to aid in repair.

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

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9
Q

the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman’s capsule.

A

renal corpuscle

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10
Q

Mucus secreting glands in lamina propitia of urethra.

A

glands of Littre

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10
Q

ADH stimulates

A

the insertion of aquaporins into the plasma membrane of principal cells (light cells) to allow water to move from lumen into cells; majority of cells lining the collecting tubule are light staining principal cells

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11
Q

purpose of the renal system

A

eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood volume and pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.

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11
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

skeletal muscle fubers where urethra pierces perineum

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12
Q

permeable to water and salts, active transport of sodium by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps, passive diffusion of water through aquaporins (water channels)

A

proximal tubule of nephron. Reabsorption back into blood supply of 65 - 70% of water, sodium, and chloride, as well as 100% of proteins, amino acids, and glucose.

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14
Q

collecting tubules derive from

A

ureteric bud

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15
Q

overlies base of renal pyramid

A

cortical arch

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16
Q

peritubular capillary network

A

supplies tubule system

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17
Q

loose connective tissue in cortex contains cells that resemble fibroblasts, and occasional macrophages, while in medulla it contains cells that resemble myofibroblasts

A

renal interstitium (stroma), reabsorbed water and other molecules pass from nephron and collecting tubule into renal interstitium and then into blood supply

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18
Q

nephron chief function

A

regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

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19
Q

transitional epithelium 3-5 cells thick, lamina propria of dense irregular fibroelastic connective tissue

A

ureter mucosa

19
Q

disease characterized by low ADH production

A

neurogenic or central diabetes insipidus

20
Q

distal tubule between pars recta and pars convoluta, near the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (vascular pole), tall narrow cuboidal cells whose nuclei are close together

A

macula densa cells

21
Q

kidney lymphatic supply

A

superficial and deep lymph vessels follow larger arteries, form larger lymph vessels near the hilum, and then travel to lymph nodes near the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.

22
Q

renal innervation

A

sympathetic nerve fibers from renal plexus innervate blood vessels, renal tubules, juxtaglomerular cells, interstitial cells, and the kidney capsule

23
Q

contains mechanoreceptors sensitive to stretch

A

trigone

24
Q

has folded transitional epithelium as mucosa

A

empty bladder

25
Q

granular cells of afferent glomerular arteriole, modified smooth muscle cells that contain granules of protease enzyme renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

26
Q

proteins < 5 kD

A

freely permeable across filtration apparatus, while proteins > 75 kD are impermeable

28
Q

similar in appearance to capillary pericytes but unknown function

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

30
Q

conspicuous lateral plasma membranes

A

collecting tubule

32
Q

renal pyramid + associated cortical tissue at base and sides

A

lobe

33
Q

contains medullary rays and cortical labyrinth, that together comprise a lobule

A

cortex

34
Q

is apex of renal pyramid, contains area cribrosa (with about 20 papillary ducts of Bellini) and empties into minor calyx

A

renal papilla

35
Q

urinary plaques

A

thickened reginos of plasma membrane that associate with actin filmaments and invaginate in relaxed urinary bladder. Appear as “vesicles” in TEM, but their lumen is continuous with cell exterior.

36
Q

stimulates the angiotensin pathway in the blood, leading to an increase in aldosterone release from the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex

A

Renin

37
Q

bladder serosa location

A

present in regions with a peritoneal reflection onto the wall of the urinary bladder

38
Q

prevent regurgitation of urine from bladder back into ureters

A

flap of mucosa hanging over ureteric orifice

39
Q

contains renal pyramids, cortical arches, and cortical columns

A

medulla

40
Q

medullary ray + surrounding cortical labyrinth

A

lobule

41
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

A

low filtration rate -> MDC stimulate JGC to release renin. Renin -> angiotensin pathway -> increased aldosterone from adrenal cortex. Aldosterone -> greater sodium reabsobtion from distal tubule and collecting tubules, which triggers ADH from pituitary gland to increase blood volume and pressure.

42
Q

filtration apparatus

A

Part of renal corpuscle. Contains: fenestrated endothelial cells of glomerulus (without diaphragms), thick basal lamina from podocytes and glomelular endothelial cells, filtration slit diaphragm between pedicels

43
Q

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. myofibroblasts, function unknown

A

kidney capsule

44
Q

disease characterized by inability to respond to ADH

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (ex. Mutation of aquraporin gene)

46
Q

nephrons derive from

A

metanephric blastema

47
Q

a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance.

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). If abnormally active, blood pressure too high.

48
Q

ureter layers

A

mucosa, NO submucosa or muscularis mucosa, muscularis (inner long., outer circ., outer long. For distal third), and adventitia

49
Q

composed of collecting tubules, and thick descending and ascending limbs of Henle’s loop; appear to radiate from medulla

A

medullary rays

51
Q

three regions of male urethra

A

prostatic urethra (transitional epi), membranous urethea (stratified columnar), spongy penile urethea (strat. Columnar w/ patches of psuedostrat and strat squamous).

52
Q

stratified epithelium located exclusively in urinary system, impermeable barrier to urine

A

transitional epithelium (urothelium). - characteristic dome-shaped cells facing lumen that flatten out in full urinary bladder. Often BINUCLEATE.

53
Q

secrete H+ or HCO3- into lumen to maintain appropriate urine pH;

A

intercalated cells (dark cells)

54
Q

permeable to water but impermeable to salts

A

descending thin limb of Henle

56
Q

composed of collecting tubules, thick descending and ascending limbs of Henle’s loop, and thin limbs of Henle’s loop

A

renal (medullary) pyramids

57
Q

autoimmune response to collagen type IV that affects GBM of renal corpuscles. Symptoms include: hematuria and proteinuria. Also affects alveolar BM. Treatment includes plasmapharesis, coticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs.

A

Goodpasture syndrome

58
Q

presence of ADH

A

makes collecting tubules permeable to water and allows urine to be concentrated (hypertonic) and have normal volume

Histology (33 decks)

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