4.1.2 Structure Vertebrate Nervous System 3

Question 1

The ____ is the most prominent part of the mammalian brain. It consists of two cerebral hemispheres, one on the left and one on the right.

Answer 1

forebrain

Question 2

Each ____ is organised to receive sensory information, mostly from the contralateral (opposite) side of the body, and to control muscles, mostly on the contralateral side, by way of axons to the spinal-cord and cranial nerve nuclei.

Answer 2

hemisphere

Question 3

The outer portion of the forebrain is the ____ ____.

Answer 3

cerebral cortex

Question 4

Under the cerebral cortex are other structures, including the ____, which is the main source of input to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 4

thalamus

Question 5

The ____ ____ are a set of structures important for certain aspects of movement.

Answer 5

basal ganglia

Question 6

A number of other interlinked structures, known as the ____ ____, form a border around the brainstem. These structures are particularly important for motivations and emotions, such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression.

Answer 6

limbic system

Question 7

The limbic system includes the ____ bulb, ____, ____, ____, and ____ ____ of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 7

olfactory, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

Question 8

The ____ is a pair of structures (left and right) in the centre of the forebrain.

Answer 8

thalamus

Question 9

Most ____ ____ goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex.

Answer 9

sensory information

Question 10

Many nuclei of the thalamus receive their input from a sensory system, such as ____, and transmit information to a single area of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 10

vision

Question 11

The cerebral cortex sends information back to the thalamus, prolonging and magnifying certain kinds of input at the expense of others, thereby ____ ____ on particular stimuli.

Answer 11

focusing attention

Question 12

The ____ is a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus.

Answer 12

hypothalamus

Question 13

Partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, the hypothalamus conveys messages to the ____ ____, altering its release of hormones.

Answer 13

pituitary gland

Question 14

Damage to any hypothalamic nucleus tends to abnormalities in ____ ____, such as eating, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behaviour, fighting, or activity level.

Answer 14

motivated behaviours

Question 15

The pituitary gland is an ____ (hormone producing) gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus by a stalk that contains neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue.

Answer 15

endocrine

Question 16

In response to messages from the hypothalamus, the pituitary synthesises ____ that the blood carries to organs throughout the body.

Answer 16

hormones

Question 17

Then ____ ____, a group of subcortical structures peripheral to the thalamus, include three major structures: caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus.

Answer 17

basal ganglia

Question 18

It has long been known that damage to the basal ganglia impairs movement, as in conditions such as ____ disease and ____ disease.

Answer 18

Parkinson’s : Huntington’s

Question 19

The basal ganglia are critical for ____ and ____ how to do something (as opposed to learning factual information or remembered specific events). And also important for attention, language, planning, and other cognitive functions.

Answer 19

learning and remembering

Question 20

Several structures lie on the ventral surface of the forebrain, including the ____ ____, which receives input from the hypothalamus and the basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex.

Answer 20

nucleus basalis

Question 21

The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brains system for ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 21

arousal, wakefulness, and attention

Question 22

Patients with Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease have impairments of ____ and ____ because of inactivity or deterioration of their nucleus basalis.

Answer 22

attention and intellect

Question 23

The ____ is a large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the forebrain.

Answer 23

hippocampus

Question 24

The hippocampus is critical for storing certain kinds of ____, especially ____ for individual events. People with hippocampal damage have trouble storing new ____, but they do not lose all the ____ they had before the damage occurred.

Answer 24

memories

Question 25

The nervous system begins its development as a tube surrounding a fluid canal. The canal persists into adulthood as the ____ ____, a fluid filled channel in the centre of the spinal-cord, and as the ____, four fluid filled cavities within the brain.

Answer 25

central canal : ventricles

Question 26

Cells called choroid plexus inside the four ventricles produce ____ ____ (CSF), a clear fluid similar to blood plasma.

Answer 26

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 27

CFS fills the ventricles, flowing from the lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ventricles. From the four ventricle, some of it flows into the central canal of the spinal-cord, but more goes into the narrow spaces between the brain and the thin ____, membranes that surround the brain and spinal-cord.

Answer 27

meninges

Question 28

In one of those narrow spaces, the ____ ____, the blood gradually we absorbs the CSF.

Answer 28

subarachnoid space

Question 29

Although the brain has no pain receptors, the meninges do. And ____ – inflammation of the meninges – is painful.

Answer 29

meningitis

Question 30

Swollen blood vessels in the meninges are responsible for the pain of a ____ ____.

Answer 30

migraine headache

Question 31

Cerebrospinal fluid ____ a brain against mechanical shock when the head moves. It also provides ____. It also provides a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal court.

Answer 31

cushions : buoyancy