13.1.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, And Brain Functioning 2

Question 1

A common test of working memory is the ____ ____ ____, which requires responding to something you saw or heard a short while ago.

Answer 1

delayed response task

Question 2

Damage to the ____ ____ impairs performance on the delayed response task, and the deficit can be amazingly precise, depending on the exact location of the damage.

Answer 2

prefrontal cortex

Question 3

Many older people have ____ of working memory, probably because of changes in the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 3

impairments

Question 4

Older humans with declining memory show declining activity in the prefrontal cortex, but those with intact memory show ____ activity than young adults.

Answer 4

greater

Question 5

Presumably, the increased activity means that the prefrontal cortex is working ____ in these older adults to compensate for impairments elsewhere in the brain.

Answer 5

harder

Question 6

____ is memory loss.

Answer 6

Amnesia

Question 7

Even in severe cases of amnesia, no one loses all kinds of ____ equally.

Answer 7

memory

Question 8

Studies of amnesia help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the ____ of memory.

Answer 8

mechanisms

Question 9

In 1953, ____ ____, known in most research reports as HM, was suffering about 10 minor ecliptic seizures per day and a major seizure about once a week, despite trying every available antiepileptic drug.

Answer 9

Henry Molaison

Question 10

A surgeon who had experimented with various forms of lobotomy for mental illness had come to believe that removing the ____ ____ ____ would relieve epilepsy.

Answer 10

medial temporal lobe

Question 11

The neurosurgeon removed the ____ and some nearby structures of the medial temporal cortex from both of HM’s hemispheres.

Answer 11

hippocampus

Question 12

We now know the various parts of the hippocampus are active during both the formation of ____ and later recall.

Answer 12

memories

Question 13

Although the operation reduced HM’s epilepsy to no more than two major seizures per year, he suffered a severe ____ ____.

Answer 13

memory impairment

Question 14

After the surgery, HM’s intellect and language abilities remained intact, and is personality remained the same except for ____ ____.

Answer 14

emotional placidity

Question 15

However, HM suffered a massive ____ ____ (an inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage). He also suffered a ____ ____ (loss of memory for events that occurred before the brain damage).

Answer 15

anterograde amnesia : retrograde amnesia

Question 16

HM is representative of many people have suffered amnesia after ____ to the hippocampus and surrounding structures of the medial temporal lobe.

Answer 16

damage

Question 17

Despite HM’s huge deficits informing ____ memories, his short-term or working memory remained intact.

Answer 17

long-term

Question 18

Although HM showed normal working memory, as soon as he was ____, the memory was gone.

Answer 18

distracted

Question 19

HM formed a few weak ____ (factual) memories for new information he encountered repeatedly.

Answer 19

semantic

Question 20

HM had severe impairment of ____ ____, memories of single personal events. He could not describe any experience he had after surgery. His retrograde amnesia was also greatest for episodic memories.

Answer 20

episodic memories

Question 21

Studies using fMRI show that describing past events or imagining future events activate mostly the same areas, including the ____. People with amnesia are just as impaired at imagining the future as they are at describing the past.

Answer 21

hippocampus

Question 22

Nearly all patients with amnesia show ____ ____ than explicit memory.

Answer 22

better implicit

Question 23

____ ____ is deliberate recall of information that one recognises as a memory, also known as declarative memory. If you have an explicit memory of something, you can state it in words.

Answer 23

Explicit memory

Question 24

____ ____ is an influence of experience on behaviour, even if you do not recognise that influence.

Answer 24

Implicit memory

Question 25

____ ____, the development of motor skills and habits, is a special kind of implicit memory.

Answer 25

Procedural memory