15.1.2 Mood Disorders 3

Question 1

Many people respond well on ____, either because of spontaneous recovery over time or because of the expectation that the pill induced.

Answer 1

placebos

Question 2

____ patients particularly likely to respond to placebos.

Answer 2

Younger

Question 3

Only for people with ____ ____ to the antidepressant drugs show meaningful advantage over placebos.

Answer 3

severe depression

Question 4

An alternative to the depressant drugs is ____. Reviews of the research literature find that antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy are about equally effective for treating all levels of depression, from mild to severe, with three exceptions.

Answer 4

psychotherapy

Question 5

Exception one, the drugs work better for ____, a long-term, almost lifelong condition of unhappy mood.

Answer 5

dysthymia

Question 6

Exception two, antidepressants are generally ineffective for patients who have suffered ____ or ____ during early childhood or patients with multiple psychological disorders.

Answer 6

abuse or neglect

Question 7

Exception three, psychotherapy is more likely to have long-term benefits, reducing the likelihood of a ____ months or years after the end of treatment.

Answer 7

relapse

Question 8

The effects of antidepressants and those of psychotherapy overlap more than we might have guessed. Brain scans show that antidepressants and psychotherapy increase ____ in the same brain areas.

Answer 8

metabolism

Question 9

When people do not respond well to drugs or psychotherapy, one possibility is treatment through an electrically induced seizure, known as ____ ____ (ECT).

Answer 9

electroconvulsive therapy

Question 10

ECT does indeed ____ depression in many cases.

Answer 10

relieve

Question 11

ECT today is used only with informed consent, usually for patients with ____ ____ who have not responded to antidepressant drugs.

Answer 11

severe depression

Question 12

ECT is usually applied every other day for about two weeks. Patients are given ____ ____ or anaesthetics to minimise discomfort and the possibility of injury.

Answer 12

muscle relaxants

Question 13

The most common side effect of ECT is ____ ____.

Answer 13

memory loss

Question 14

The other serious drawback to ECT is the high risk of ____ into another episode of depression within a few months.

Answer 14

relapsing

Question 15

After ECT has relieved depression, the usual strategy is to try to ____ ____ by means of drugs, psychotherapy, or periodic ECT treatments.

Answer 15

prevent relapse

Question 16

Unlike antidepressant drugs, ECT increases the proliferation of new neurons in the ____.

Answer 16

hippocampus

Question 17

A similar treatment is repetitive ____ ____ ____. An intense magnetic field is applied to the scalp, stimulating the axons near the surface of the brain.

Answer 17

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 18

Almost everyone with depression has ____ ____, and the sleep problems generally precede the mood changes.

Answer 18

sleep problems

Question 19

Depressed people fall asleep but ____ ____, unable to get back to sleep, and they enter REM sleep within 45 minutes after going to sleep.

Answer 19

awaken early

Question 20

In addition, people who are depressed have more than the average number of ____ ____ per minute during REM sleep.

Answer 20

eye movements

Question 21

In short, ____ ____ is a lifelong trait of people who are predisposed to depression.

Answer 21

altered sleep

Question 22

Surprisingly, although most people feel worse after a sleepless night, a night of total ____ ____ is the quickest known method of relieving depression.

Answer 22

sleep deprivation

Question 23

However, the benefit is brief, as the depression usually returns after the next night’s sleep. Also, while sleep deprivation helps alleviate depression, it increases ____ to ____.

Answer 23

sensitivity to pain

Question 24

A more practical solution is to alter the ____ ____, going to bed earlier than usual.

Answer 24

sleep schedule

Question 25

Depression can be either unipolar or bipolar. People with ____ ____ vary in between normality and one pole – depression.

Answer 25

unipolar disorder