15.2.1 Schizophrenia 2

Question 1

Schizophrenia is 10 to 100 times more common in the ____ ____ and ____ than in most third world countries.

Answer 1

United States and Europe

Question 2

Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is more common for ___ than ____ by ratio of about 7:5.

Answer 2

men than women

Question 3

Researchers have documented several unexplained ____ about schizophrenia.

Answer 3

oddities

Question 4

Oddity one. Schizophrenia is significantly less common than average among people with type one (juvenile onset) ____, although it is more common than average in people with type two (adult onset) ____.

Answer 4

diabetes

Question 5

Oddity two. People with schizophrenia have an increased risk of colon ____ but below average probability of respiratory ____ or brain ____.

Answer 5

cancer

Question 6

Oddity three. People with schizophrenia seldom develop ____ ____ or allergies.

Answer 6

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 7

Oddity four. Women who have a schizophrenic breakdown during ____ usually give birth to daughters. However, those who have a breakdown shortly after giving birth usually give birth to sons.

Answer 7

pregnancy

Question 8

Oddity five. Many people with schizophrenia have a characteristic ____ ____, attributed to the chemical trans-3-methyl-2-hexenioc acid, and decreased ability to smell that chemical themselves.

Answer 8

body odour

Question 9

Oddity 6. Most people with schizophrenia and many of their unaffected relatives have deficits in ____ ____ ____ – the ability to keep their eyes moving on a target.

Answer 9

pursuit eye movements

Question 10

At one time, many researchers believed that schizophrenia might be a genetic disease, such as Huntington’s disease. However, accumulating evidence indicates that although schizophrenia has a genetic basis, it does not depend on any ____ ____.

Answer 10

single gene

Question 11

The more closely you are ____ ____ to someone with schizophrenia, the greater your own probability of schizophrenia.

Answer 11

biologically related

Question 12

Monozygotic twins have a much higher ____ (agreement) for schizophrenia than do dizygotic twins.

Answer 12

concordance

Question 13

The high concordance for monozygotic twins has long been taken as strong evidence for a ____ ____. However, note two limitations.

Answer 13

genetic influence

Question 14

Limitation one. Monozygotic twins have only about ____ concordance, not 100%.

Answer 14

50%

Question 15

Limitation to. There is greater similarity between dizygotic twins than between siblings. Dizygotic twins have the same genetic resemblance as siblings but greater ____ ____, including prenatal environment.

Answer 15

environmental similarity

Question 16

When an adopted child develops schizophrenia, the disorder is more common in the person’s ____ ____ than adopting relatives.

Answer 16

biological relatives

Question 17

This adoption result suggests a genetic basis, but it is also consistent with a ____ influence.

Answer 17

prenatal

Question 18

Many women with schizophrenia smoke, drink, use other drugs, and eat a less than desirable diet ____ ____.

Answer 18

during pregnancy

Question 19

A disproportionate number of women with schizophrenia have ____ during pregnancy and delivery.

Answer 19

complications

Question 20

If some of the children of mothers with schizophrenia develop schizophrenia, we cannot be sure that the influence is ____, because of this prenatal environmental factors.

Answer 20

genetic

Question 21

Studies on adopted children also support a role for post birth _____ influences.

Answer 21

environmental

Question 22

The strongest evidence for a genetic influence would be to locate a gene that is ____ linked with schizophrenia. There are many, and many combinations.

Answer 22

consistently

Question 23

The hypothesis is that a new ____ or ____ of any of a large number of genes disrupts brain development and increases the probability of schizophrenia.

Answer 23

mutation or deletion

Question 24

According to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis now popular among researchers. Schizophrenia begins with abnormalities in the ____ or ____ development of the nervous system, based on either genetics or other influences.

Answer 24

prenatal or neonatal

Question 25

These early problems lead the developing brain vulnerable to other disturbances later in life, including but not limited to highly ____ ____.

Answer 25

stressful experiences