9.2.2 Stages Of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms 3

Question 1

In short, try to identify the ____ for your sleep problems before you try to solve them.

Answer 1

reasons

Question 2

One type of insomnia is ____ ____, impaired ability to breathe while sleeping. People with sleep apnea have breathless periods of a minute or so from which they awaken gasping for breath.

Answer 2

sleep apnea

Question 3

The consequences of sleep apnea include ____ during the day, impaired ____, ____, and sometimes ____ problems.

Answer 3

sleepiness : attention : depression : heart

Question 4

People sleep apnea have multiple brain areas that appear to have lost ____, and consequently, they show deficiencies of learning, reasoning, attention, and impulse control.

Answer 4

neurons

Question 5

Sleep apnoea results from several causes, including genetics, hormones, and old-age deterioration of the brain mechanisms that ____ breathing.

Answer 5

regulate

Question 6

Another cause of sleep apnoea is ____, especially in middle-aged men. Many obese men have narrower than normal airways and have to compensate my breathing frequently and vigourously. During sleep, they cannot keep up that rate of breathing.

Answer 6

obesity

Question 7

People with sleep apnea are advised to ____ ____ and avoid ____ and ____. Medical options include surgery to remove tissue that obstructs the trachea or a mask that covers the nose and delivers air under enough pressure to keep the breathing passages open.

Answer 7

lose weight : alcohol and tranquillisers

Question 8

____, a condition characterised by frequent periods of sleepiness during day, strikes about 1 person in 1000.

Answer 8

Narcolepsy

Question 9

Narcolepsy has ____ main symptoms, although not every person has all four.

Answer 9

four

Question 10

Narcolepsy symptom 1. Gradual or sudden attacks of ____ during the day.

Answer 10

sleepiness

Question 11

Narcolepsy symptom 2. Occasional ____ – an attack of muscle weakness while the person remains awake.

Answer 11

cataplexy

Question 12

Narcolepsy symptom 3. Sleep ____ – an inability to move while falling asleep or waking up.

Answer 12

paralysis

Question 13

Narcolepsy symptom 4. _____ hallucinations – dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality, often occurring at the onset of sleep.

Answer 13

Hypnagogic

Question 14

The cause of narcolepsy relates to the neurotransmitter ____. People with narcolepsy lack the hypothalamic cells that produce and release orexin.

Answer 14

orexin

Question 15

Recall that orexin is important for maintaining wakefulness. Consequently, people lacking orexin alternate between short ____ periods and short ____ periods, instead of staying awake throughout the day.

Answer 15

waking : sleepy

Question 16

People with ____ disease have widespread damage to the basal ganglia. In addition, most lose neurons in the hypothalamus, including neurons that make orexin, as a result, they have problems staying awake during the day and difficulty staying asleep at night.

Answer 16

Huntington’s

Question 17

Theoretically, we might imagine combating narcolepsy with drug that restore orexin. Currently, the most common treatment is stimulant drugs, such as _____ (Ritalin), which enhance dopamine and norepinephrine activity.

Answer 17

methylphenidate

Question 18

Another sleep disorder is ____ ____ ____ ____, characterised by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms.

Answer 18

periodic limb movement disorder

Question 19

People with ___ ____ ____ move around vigorously during their REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams. They frequently dream about defending themselves against attack, and they may punch, kick, and leap about.

Answer 19

REM behaviour disorder

Question 20

REM behaviour disorder occurs mostly older people, especially older men with brain diseases such as ____ disease.

Answer 20

Parkinson’s

Question 21

____ ____ are experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror. A night terror is more severe than a nightmare, which is simply an unpleasant dream.

Answer 21

Night terrors

Question 22

Most people who ____, and many of their relatives, have one or more additional sleep difficulties, such as, chronic snoring, disordered sleep breathing, bedwetting, and night terrors.

Answer 22

sleepwalk

Question 23

Sleepwalking is most common during stage three or four sleep early in the night and is usually not accompanied by ____.

Answer 23

dreaming

Question 24

Unlike wakeful actions, the deeds of sleepwalkers are poorly ____ and not ____. Evidently, parts of the brain are awake and other parts are asleep.

Answer 24

planned : remembered

Question 25

Another sleep condition is sleep sex or ____, in which sleeping people engage in sexual behaviour, either with a partner or by masturbation, and do not remember it afterwards.

Answer 25

sexsomnia