7.1.1 Audition 2

Question 1

The hair cells excite the cells of the ____ ____. Which is part of the eighth cranial nerve.

Answer 1

auditory nerve

Question 2

According to ____ ____, the basilar membrane resembles the strings of a piano in that each area along the membrane is tuned to a specific frequency.

Answer 2

place theory

Question 3

According to place theory, each frequency activates to hair cells at only ___ ____ along the basilar membrane, and the nervous system distinguishes among frequencies based on which neurons respond.

Answer 3

one place

Question 4

The downfall of place theory is that the various parts of the basilar membrane are ____ ____ too tightly for any part to resonates like a piano string.

Answer 4

bound together

Question 5

According to ____ ____, the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with the sound, causing auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency.

Answer 5

frequency theory

Question 6

Downfall of frequency theory in its simplest form is that the refractory period of a neuron, though variable, is typically about ________, so that the maximum firing rate of a neuron is about 1000 Hz, far short of the highest frequencies we hear.

Answer 6

1/1000 second

Question 7

The current theory is a ____ of both theories.

Answer 7

modification

Question 8

For ___-_____ sounds, the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with the soundwaves, in accordance with frequency theory, and auditory nerve axons generate one action potential per wave.

Answer 8

low-frequency

Question 9

Soft sounds activate fewer neurons, and stronger sounds activate more. Thus, at low frequencies, the frequency of impulses identifies the ____, and the number of firing cells identifies ____.

Answer 9

pitch : loudness

Question 10

Because of the ____ ____ of the axon, as sounds exceed 100 Hz, it becomes harder for a neuron to continue firing in synchrony with the soundwaves.

Answer 10

refractory period

Question 11

According to the ____ ____ of pitch discrimination, the auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses or sounds up to about 4000 per second, even though no individual axon approaches that frequency.

Answer 11

volley principle

Question 12

When we hear very ____-_____, will use a mechanism similar to the place theory. The basilar membrane varies from stiff at its base, where the stirrup meets the cochlea, to floppy at the other end of the cochlea, the apex.

Answer 12

high-frequencies

Question 13

The highest frequency sounds vibrate cells near the ____, and low-frequency sounds vibrate hairs further along the membrane.

Answer 13

base

Question 14

An estimated 4% of people have ____, impaired detection of frequency changes (commonly called Tone-deafness).

Answer 14

amusia

Question 15

Many relatives of a person with amusia have the same condition, so it probably has a ____ basis.

Answer 15

genetic

Question 16

Amusia is associated with a thicker than average ____ ____ in the right hemisphere but fewer than average connections from the auditory cortex to the frontal cortex.

Answer 16

auditory cortex

Question 17

____ ____ (or perfect pitch) is the ability to hear a note and identify it. People’s accuracy on this task is either high or low. Intermediates are rare. The main determinant is early and extensive musical training.

Answer 17

Absolute pitch

Question 18

As information from the auditory system passes through subcortical areas, axons crossed over in the _____ to enable each hemisphere of the forebrain to get most of its input from the opposite ear.

Answer 18

midbrain

Question 19

The information ultimately reaches the ____ ____ ____ (area A1) in the superior temporal cortex.

Answer 19

primary auditory cortex

Question 20

The auditory system has a “____” pathway sensitive to patterns of sound in the anterior temporal cortex, and a “____” pathway sensitive to sound location in the posterior temporal cortex and the parietal cortex.

Answer 20

what : where

Question 21

The superior temporal cortex includes areas important for detecting visual ____ and the ____ of sounds.

Answer 21

motion

Question 22

Patients with damage in parts of the ____ ____ ____ become motion deaf. They hear sounds, but they do not detect that a source of a sound is moving.

Answer 22

superior temporal cortex