3.12. Self-efficacy & self-confidence

Question 1

Self-efficacy definition

Answer 1

Performer’s belief in their ability to successfully complete a specific task in a specific situation

Question 2

Self-confidence definition

Answer 2

Performer’s overall belief in their ability to succeed in sports or physical activity in general

Question 3

Self-esteem definition

Answer 3

Performer’s overall value or sense of self-worth they have about themself

Question 4

How high self-efficacy affects behaviour

Answer 4

• approach behaviour
• high persistence
• attribute success internally
• lower state anxiety
• seek feedback
• high intrinsic motivation
• expectations of success
• seek challenges

Question 5

How low self-efficacy affects behaviour

Answer 5

• avoidance behaviour
• low persistence
• attribute success externally
• high anxiety
• avoid feedback and evaluation
• low intrinsic motivation
• expectations of failure
• see challenges as a threat
• create learned helplessness
• become social loafers

Question 6

Implications of high vs low self efficacy

Answer 6

athletes with high self efficacy in a certain area believes they can effectively execute the necessary actions to produce the desired outcome

low self efficacy may lead to doubt and hesitation when facing challenges - this is linked to efficacy expectations

Question 7

efficacy expectations

Answer 7

the likelihood of a performance being successful or unsuccessful

suggests people are more likely to engage and persist with activities if they believe they can succeed

self efficacy will determine the choice of activity, level of effort and degree of persistence

Question 8

how can learned helplessness affect self efficacy

Answer 8

performer has lack of success which leads them to question their ability

they believe failure is inevitable and begin to show avoidance behaviour as they see the problem as unchangeable

reduced self-esteem, self-efficacy, confidence, intrinsic motivation

Question 9

how does prior experience affect self-efficacy

Answer 9

affects an athlete’s efficacy expectations

the probability of performing to a high standard is much greater if you believe in your abilities - especially when based on previous success

Question 10

Bandura’s sources of self-efficacy

Answer 10

most powerful
- performance accomplishments
- vicarious experiences
- verbal persuasion → efficacy expectations → performance
- emotional arousal
least powerful

Question 11

performance accomplishments

Answer 11

• occurs when a performer successfully completes a skill
• it strengthens their belief they can perform successfully again
• failure can reduce confidence
• if success occurred too long ago it may be less effective
• also called ‘mastery experiences’

Question 12

strategies to improve self-efficacy through performance accomplishments

Answer 12

• ensure initial success by making tasks easier
• set SMART goals
• continuously remind of previous success, use visualisation
• break down complex skills - use part or progressive-part practisei

Question 13

vicarious experiences

Answer 13

• self-efficacy develops through observing others perform a skill successfully
• if the model is similar in age, ability or experience it will be more effective

Question 14

strategies to improve self-efficacy through vicarious experiences

Answer 14

• watch correct demonstration
• demonstrations are most effective when model is similar ability/stage of learning
• can lead to social comparisons
• if model is unsuccessful - can decrease self-efficacy

Question 15

verbal persuasion

Answer 15

• encouragement or feedback from significant others (coach, teammate)
• positive persuasion can increase self-efficacy while negative may decrease it

Question 16

strategies to improve self-efficacy through verbal persuasion

Answer 16

• praise
• encouragement
• positive reinforcement
• avoid social comparisons

Question 16

emotional arousal

Answer 16

• our perceptions of how aroused we are (excitement vs threat) can affect our confidence in certain situations
• aim is to find optimum arousal and avoid ‘choking effect’

Question 17

strategies to improve self-efficacy through emotional arousal

Answer 17

• stress management techniques

Question 18

how can self-efficacy differ between a trained and untrained performer - performance accomplishments

Answer 18

• trained: numerous successful past experiences and skill mastery
• untrained: limited experience, less successful performances

Question 19

how can self-efficacy differ between a trained and untrained performer - vicarious experiences

Answer 19

• trained: regularly compares with high level performers and learning from them
• untrained: lack relevant role models or struggle to relate to skilled performers

Question 20

how can self-efficacy differ between a trained and untrained performer - verbal persuasion

Answer 20

• trained: receives consistent, constructive feedback
• untrained: feedback may be inconsistent or discouraging

Question 21

how can self-efficacy differ between a trained and untrained performer - emotional arousal

Answer 21

• trained: manages anxiety and stress effectively to enhance performance
• untrained: may feel overwhelmed by pressure

Question 22

sport confidence definiton

Answer 22

the degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport

Question 23

Vealey’s sport confidence model

Answer 23

sport situation → competitive orientation / trait sport confidence → state sport confidence → performance → subjective outcomes ( satisfaction / success / perceived causes )

• actual model is more circular

Question 24

what is the sport situation

Answer 24

the competition or competitive situation the athlete is in

Question 25

what is trait sport confidence

Answer 25

- stable and enduring sport confidence - innate, natural characteristic - general confidence in all sports

Question 26

what is competitive orientation

Answer 26

- level of competitiveness of the player - how much effort they put into something to be successful

Question 27

state sport confidence

Answer 27

- actual level of confidence in the specific sporting situation - can be unstable and changeable - will depend on trait sport confidence and competitive orientation

Question 28

what is the performance

Answer 28

- the actual behaviours the athlete exhibits, often reflects the quality of performance

Question 29

what are the subjective outcomes

Answer 29

- how a player perceives or rates their performance

Question 30

what are the perceived causes

Answer 30

- reflection on why the outcome occurred - links to attribution