3.6. Motivation

Question 1

intrinsic motivation definition

Answer 1

engaging in an activity or behaviour as it is inherently satisfying or enjoyable

athletes are driven by internal desires, interests to experience a sense of accomplishment

Question 2

extrinsic motivation definition

Answer 2

engaged to attain an external reward, recognition or avoid punishment

motivated by external factors:
- tangible - money, trophies
- intangible - praise, recognition

Question 3

self-determination theory

Answer 3

intrinsic motivation is superior to extrinsic motivation as it fosters genuine passion & self-driven commitment leading to lasting engagement & satisfaction

extrinsic motivation may not always be present

Question 4

problems using tangible rewards as motivation

Answer 4

• too many rewards
• risk of cheating
• become overly dependent
• increased pressure
• removal leads to demotivation
• lose sight of intrinsic motivation

Question 5

how can a coach increase motivation?

Answer 5

• allow success in training
• appropriate goal setting
• use of external rewards
• make sessions fun & varied
• use of role models
• use praise / reinforcement
• emphasise personal improvements
• make goals more demanding for more able performers
• use process > outcome goals for less able performers
• avoid punishment

Question 6

how can a coach increase intrinsic motivation?

Answer 6

• feel a sense of control and pride in difficult situations
• greater focus on activity for its own sake
• allow appropriate negative response
• less dependent on rewards
• set process goals
• install a sense of self worth through success
• fun and enjoyment

Question 7

achievement motivation definition

Answer 7

an individuals desire and drive to strive for success when faced with difficult situations

an aspect of personality and also situation specific

Question 8

what is achievement motivation dependent on?

Answer 8

Need to achieve (NAch) - approach behaviour

Need to avoid failure (NAF) - avoidance behaviour

Question 9

characteristics of NAch performers

Answer 9

• willing to take risks
• high self confidence
• low self consciousness
• values feedback
• persists at tasks
• enjoy evaluation
• takes responsibility of own actions
• optimistic
• success is attributed internally
• failure attributed externally

Question 10

characteristics of NAF performer

Answer 10

• avoids challenging situations
• dislikes 50-50 situations
• low confidence
• doesn’t like feedback
• gives up easily
• dislikes evaluation situations
• outcome goal oriented
• avoids personal responsibility
• takes long time over task
• pessimistic
• failure is attributed internally
• success is external
  → adopt learned helplessness (failure is inevitable)

Question 11

what does NAch or NAF depend on

Answer 11

• importance of event
• past success / possibility of future success
• confidence
• experience
• personality
• motivation
• competitive trait anxiety levels

Question 12

how can a coach help an athlete adopt NAch behaviour?

Answer 12

• encourage feelings of pride & satisfaction
• reduce punishment
• gradually increase task difficulty, allowing early success
• set realistic goals
• encourage attribution of success to internal factors
• cater to all abilities
• raise levels of self-efficacy
• provide encouragement

Question 13

competitiveness definition

Answer 13

sport specific form of achievement motivation

Question 14

factors of competitiveness

Answer 14

• competitiveness
• win orientation
• goal orientation

Question 15

self- confidence definition (Bandura)

Answer 15

general & stable personality trait

overall belief in themselves in all contexts

Question 16

self-efficacy definition (Bandura)

Answer 16

specific to situation & variable

Question 17

motivational strategies to aid learning

Answer 17

• goal setting
• positive reinforcement
• visualisation & mental imagery
• feedback & constructive criticism
• competition & rivalry
• autonomy & intrinsic motivation
• use of external rewards