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Honors Biology > Fall Final Exam > Flashcards

Fall Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Occupies the 4th trophic level

A

tertiary consumers

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2
Q

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

A

transcription and translation

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3
Q

Only eats plants

A

herbivore

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4
Q

Which process makes the mRNA?

A

Transcription

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5
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

A, U, G, C

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6
Q

In RNA which bases are complementary?

A

A bonds withU

C bonds with G

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7
Q

The arm of a human and the front limbs of your dog is an example of

A

homologous structures.

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8
Q

Found inside of the nucleus. They synthesize the ribosomes

A

nucleolus

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9
Q

Diffusion

A

Process in which molecules move from an area of high to low concentration

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9
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Cell membrane detaches from the cell wall

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9
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell

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9
Q

What is is called when ammonia is formed during the nitrogen cycle?

A

nitrogen fixation

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9
Q

Most specific level of organization

A

Speces

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of passing on traits

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11
Q

Which type of RNA has anticodons

A

tRNA

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12
Q

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

It is the message that contains the important information from the DNA and was made during transcription.

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the mitochondria called?

A

Matrix

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14
Q

What is an example of a heterozygous

A

Tt

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15
Q

During osmosis water moves from a _______solution to a ___________ solution.

A

hypotonic to hypertonic

(TO THE HYPER!)

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16
Q

Loss of osmotic pressure in an animal cell

A

crenation

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17
Q

What are hybrids

A

Crosses of offspring

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18
Q

Two types of electron microscopes

A

Scanning

and

Transmission

Electron Microscopes

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19
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism that has the same alleles for a trait

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20
Q

Three types of transport

A

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Movement of Macromolecules

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21
Q

Ecosystems with similar climates and domiant communites are known as

A

Biomes

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22
Q

Telophase where the DNA remains in chromosome form

A

Telophase I

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23
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment

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24
Q

Two components of a solution

A

Solvent (water)

Solute (dissolved particles)

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25
Q

Final stable community during sucession is known as

A

climax community

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26
Q

Which scientist believed that organisms are born with the adaptations they will have that will hopefully allow them to survive

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

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27
Q

Chance of an event occuring

A

Probability

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28
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm of the cell

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29
Q

Where two of the three phases of aerobic respiration take place

A

mitochondria

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30
Q

Prokaryote

A

Single celled organism lacking a nucleus

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31
Q

Location within a multicelled organism where meiosis occurs.

A

Gonads

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32
Q

Where is DNA located within the cell

A

Nucleus

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33
Q

During transcription, what is the DNA strand called that the RNA polymerase uses to make the message?

A

sense strand

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34
Q

Alternate names for cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable membrane

Lipid bilayer

Semipermeable membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model

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35
Q

What is passed between organisms in a food chain or food web?

A

energy (only 10%)

nutrients/organic matter

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36
Q

What is a genotype

A

Type of gene

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37
Q

Examples of detritivores

A

worms

bugs

beetles

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38
Q

In order for a species to evolve what must exist.

A

Natural genetic variations

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39
Q

Which molecules react with pyruvic acid during fermentation?

A

2 NADH

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39
Q

What type of cells go through the cell cycle?

A

Somatic cell

or

diploid cells

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40
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

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40
Q

Which enzyme uses the template to add a second strand of DNA during Elongation?

A

DNA polymerase

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41
Q

How many traits are crossed in a dihybrid?

A

2

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41
Q

Genotype with the same form of the allele

A

Homozygous

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42
Q
A
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42
Q

What is the formula for the phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?

A

Most dominant phenotype: Most recessive

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43
Q

Briefly describe the process of translation?

A
  • rRNA reads mRNA codon by codon
  • rRNA sends a message to the complementary anticodon (tRNA) to truck back to the ribosome the appropriate amino acid.
  • tRNA travels to the ribosome/mRNA complex bringing it’s amino acids.
  • Amino acids hook together forming an amino acid chain or protein.
  • When the ribosome finishes reading the mRNA it detaches and goes off to find a new mRNA.
  • tRNA’s go off into the cytoplasm to find another amino acid.
  • The mRNA may bond up with another ribosome and repeat the process.
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44
Q

Biotic

A

Biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem

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45
Q

Exploding of an animal cell

A

Lysing

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46
Q

Which enzyme untwists and unzips the DNA?

A

Helicase

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47
Q

Once the transcript has been synthesize where does it go?

A

Out to the ribosome

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48
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that initiates a chemical reaction

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49
Q

Turgid

A

Swollen due to extra amounts of water

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50
Q

Type of symbiosis where both organisms are benefit

A

mutualism

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51
Q

What are genes

A

Chemical factors that determine traits

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52
Q

Which type of RNA has codons?

A

mRNA

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53
Q

What are different ways that probabiltiy can be expressed?

A
  • decimal
  • fraction
  • %
  • ratio
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54
Q

When comparing anatomy, which type of structures exist between different species that are only similar in function but not in structure.

A

Analogous Structures

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55
Q

Which nitrogenous base is complementary to Cytosine?

A

Guanine

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56
Q

How many alleles are in a parent gamete in a dihybrid?

A

2

( on from each trait)

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57
Q

Transcription

A

A complementary DNA strand is made using RNA polymerrase

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58
Q

What are the products of lactic acid fermentation?

A
  • Lactic acid
  • 2 NAD+
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59
Q

During translation what reads the mRNA?

A

rRNA

(r for the reader)

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60
Q

What are the cells called at the conclusion of cytokinesis?

A

Daughter cells

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61
Q

Organelles only found in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts

Central Vacuole

Cell Wall

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62
Q

of divisions that occur during meiosis

A

2

Meiosis I and II

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63
Q

What codes for amino acids?

A

Codons on the mRNA

(codons code)

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64
Q

genetic makeup of an organism

A

genotype

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65
Q

Each step in a food chain or food web is known as a?

A

trophic level

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66
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A
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67
Q

Stage of water cycle where water changes from a liquid to a gas

A

evaporation or transpiration

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68
Q

Concluded that all animals are made up of cells

A

Theodore Schwann

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69
Q

Organism this is made up of more than one cell is called?

A

multicellular

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70
Q

When the rRNA reads the mRNA what receives a signal from the ribosome?

A

tRNA

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71
Q

The sides of a DNA molecule composed of????

A

alternating sugar and phosphates

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72
Q

Which form of DNA is condensed?

A

Chromosome

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73
Q

Type of solution that has the same concentration of solute as the other solution

A

isotonic

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74
Q

Type of meiosis that is also known as the reduction division

A

meiosis I

(DNA has been reduced in half during Cytokinesis I)

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75
Q

Which nitrogenous base is complementary to Adenine?

A

Thymine

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76
Q

Occupies the 2nd trophic level

A

Primary consumer

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77
Q

Type of microscope that can view a living organism

A

Light microscope

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78
Q

What is the study of the interactions of living organisms and the interactions of living organisms and their environment?

A

Ecology

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79
Q

What bacteria add back into the biosphere

A

nutrients

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80
Q

Type of solution that is more dilute than the other solution.

A

hypotonic solution

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81
Q

Organelles only in animal cells

A

Lysosomes

Cilia and Flagella

Cytoskeleton

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82
Q

When determining the parent gametes in a dihybrid, which of Mendel’s laws applies?

A

Law of independent assortment

(alleles sort independently of one another into separate gametes)

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83
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

tRNA ( transfer)

mRNA (messenger)

rRNA (ribosomal) also known as the ribosome

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84
Q

Type of commumity interaction where two organisms live closely together

A

symbiosis

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85
Q

Type of sucession that begins from bare rock

A

primary succession

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86
Q

What is true-breeding

A

Offspring is identical to themselves

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87
Q

A series of feeding relationships is know as a

A

food chain

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88
Q

Type of cross involving the crossing of one trait at a time

A

monohybrid

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89
Q

What is the human diploid number?

A

2n=46

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90
Q

Gates within the cell membrane

A

Integral proteins

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91
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Plants use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

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92
Q

When comparing anatomy, which type of structures exist between different species that are only similar in makeup but not in function. In fact some organisms may have a reduced form of the structure that serves no purpose.

A

Vestigial Structures

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93
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A
  • 6 Carbon dioxides
  • 6 waters
  • 36 ATP
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94
Q

Which scientist believed in the punctuated equillibrium theory

A

Gould and Eldridge

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95
Q

Consumes both meat and plants

A

omnivores

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96
Q

Which products of Krebs Cycle move on to the ETC

A

8 NADH

2 FADH2

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97
Q

Up to how many numbers are there in a phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid?

A

4

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98
Q

Unicellular

A

One cell

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99
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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100
Q

carbohydrates that attach to hydrophillic heads in the membrane

A

glycolipids

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101
Q

Type of sugar found in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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102
Q

What is the formula for a dihybrid phenotypic ration

A

DD : Dr : rD : rr

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103
Q

When you are completing a translation problem what molecule are you representing?

A

You are the rRNA or ribosome as you read the mRNA codon by codon. You then use the codon chart to determine the amino acids chain.

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104
Q

Movement of water from high to low concentrations.

A

Osmosis

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105
Q

Eukaryotic

A

An organism whose cell contains a nucleus

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106
Q

What is it called when humans breed specific animals such as dogs or horses

A

Artificial Selection

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107
Q

Consume food in order to get the nutrients and energy that is required for their survival

A

heterotrophs

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108
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

A

Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

Thymine

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109
Q

Studying the mineralized remains of organisms is called

A

fossil evidence

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110
Q

What is the responsibility of the codon?

A

Codons code for specific amino acids

(codons code!)

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111
Q

Monohybrid

A

Only one trait is being crossed

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112
Q

Which scientist believed that Earth was millions of years old

A

Hutton and Lyell

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113
Q

Level of organization that studies the interactions of communities and between communities and their environment

A

Ecosystem

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114
Q

Designation of the parent cell in meiosis that has two of every DNA molecule

A

Diploid

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115
Q

Formula for percent deviaiton?

A

(Sum of the differences between expected and observed)

____________________________________________

totall # of occurances

then multiple by 100 to get a %

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116
Q

What are the folds of the inner membrane called?

A

cristae

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117
Q

DNA goes back from chromosome to chromatin

A

Telophase II

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118
Q

Cells that result from cytokinesis II

A
  • Haploid cells
  • Gametes
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119
Q

How many alleles are found in a parent genotype in a dihybrid cross?

A

4

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120
Q

Phase of meiosis where the centromeres split

A

Anaphase II

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121
Q

During which phase of aerobic respiration is the water produced?

A

ETC

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122
Q

Process that allows autotrophs to synthesize their own food

A

Photosynthesis

or

Chemosynthesis

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123
Q

Where does the electron transport take place?

A

cristae of the mitochondria

(inner membrane folds)

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124
Q

Category of transport that does not require energy from the cell

A

Passive transport

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125
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell split into two daughter cells?

A

C phase or cytokinesis

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126
Q

What is genetic segregation

A

Separation of alleles

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127
Q

Autotroph

A

Creates it’s own food(producer)

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128
Q

Cloning

A

Creating a genetically identical organism from DNA

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129
Q

Lysis

A

Cell membrane bursts

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130
Q

Examples of decomposers

A

bacteria and fungi

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131
Q

Phase where the tetrads like up along the equatorial plate

A

Metaphase I

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132
Q

Experimenting

A

Testing a hypothesis by making a lab

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133
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces 4 sex cells

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134
Q

Only eat meat

A

carnivore

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135
Q

Trophic level

A

Shows the energy flow of food between organisms

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136
Q

Type of micoscope we use in the classroom

A

light microscope

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137
Q

Which phase is also known as the away phase?

A

Anaphase

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138
Q

What is the result of natural selection

A

A change in the traits within the species (strong traits increase and weak traits decrease in frequency or completely disappear)

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139
Q

Physical apperance due to the expression of a genotype

A

Phenotype

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140
Q

During which phase of interphase does the DNA get copied?

A

S phase

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141
Q

Contains the genetic material of the cell

A

nucleus

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142
Q

Biogeochemical

A

Process by which chemical compounds are passed from one organism to another

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143
Q

Which biome do we live within

A

Temperate forest

144
Q

What would be the gametes from the following parent

TtHH

A
  • TH
  • TH
  • tH
  • tH
145
Q

What is each half of a chromosome called?

A

sister chromatid

146
Q

Another name for heterozygous

A

Hybrid

147
Q

Phase where the chromosomes line up along the equator in a single file line

A

Metaphase II

148
Q

Phase where the tetrads split

A

Anaphase I

149
Q

Which scientist believed that species struggle for existance

A

Wallace and Darwin

150
Q

Makes proteins for the membrane or for export to other cells

A

Rough ER

151
Q

Which nitrogenous base is complementary to Thymine?

A

Adenine

152
Q

Act as name tags for the cell

A

Glycolipids

and

Glycoproteins

153
Q

What is the one influence that all the theories of evolution have in common

A

Evolution occurs because of the influence of the environment

154
Q

The simplest level of organization where abiotic factors come in to play

A

Ecosytem

155
Q

Which sugar is RNA composed of?

A

ribose

(which is what the R in RNA stands for)

156
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Process if turning nitrogen gas into ammonia

157
Q

Which scientist believed that famine and disease keeps the human population down

A

Malthus

158
Q

Type of cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

159
Q

What type of bonds hold the two nitrogenous bases together?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

160
Q

Which phase of mitosis takes the longest and why?

A

Prophase because the DNA has to condense into the chromosome form.

161
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide into two?

A

M phase or mitosis

162
Q

Respiration

A

Process which organisms take in oxygen and turn it into energy

163
Q

How many strands is RNA?

A

1

(single stranded)

164
Q

What is the second stage of protein synthesis?

A

translation

165
Q

How do chromosomes line up during metaphse?

A

In a single file line

166
Q

Which scientist believed that structures disappear because they are not used by the organism

A

Lamarck

167
Q

What process synthesizes DNA?

A

DNA replication

168
Q

Which type of selective pressure favors the norm and selects agains the extremes. Over time the organisms that fall within the norm increase within the population while the extremes decrease or completely dissapear.

A

Stabilizing Selection

169
Q

What is the mRNA or the message also known as?

A

the transcript

(because it’s the product of ** transcript**ion)

170
Q

Number of gametes from each parent during a monohybrid

A

2

171
Q

Niche

A

Full range if biological conditions in which an organism lives

172
Q

What are the three phases of interphase?

A
  • G1
  • S
  • G2
173
Q

What is genetics

A

The study of heredity

174
Q

Which type of selective pressure lease to a shift in the norm of the trait to one of the extremes previous extremes.

A

Directional Selection

175
Q

List how much ATP is synthesized in each of the three phases of aerobic respiration.

A
  • Glycolysis: net gain of 2
  • Krebs Cycle: 2
  • ETC: 32
176
Q

What are gametes

A

Sex cells

177
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Physical attributes

178
Q

Came up with the word cell

A

Robert Hooke

179
Q

Which type of selective pressure favors the extreme and against the norm?

A

Disruptive Selection

180
Q

Solid food and bacteria enter cells through

A

phagocytosis

181
Q

Abiotic

A

Physical or nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem

182
Q

Type of passive transport involves the movement of gases across the membrane from high to low concentrations

A

diffusion

183
Q

Describe the activity of the centrioles during prophase

A
  • Migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
  • grow spindle fibers
184
Q

Phospholipid

A

Main part of the lipid bilayer

185
Q

What enzyme put the DNA molecules back into the double helix shape during termination?

A

helicase

186
Q

What are the reactants for cellular respiration?

A
  • glucose
  • 6 oxygen molecules
187
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

188
Q

Type of symbiosis where one organism is harmed

A

Parasitism

189
Q

Father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

190
Q

Comparing the early development of organisms is known as

A

Comparitive embryology

191
Q

How does the ribosome read the mRNA?

A

Codon by codon

192
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of events cella go through to reproduce and divide

193
Q

Makes phospholipids for the cell membrane

A

smooth ER

194
Q

Where do the amino acids come from that are attached to the tRNA’s?

A

From the food that you eat. They enter your cells by phagocytosis.

195
Q

During passive transport how do molecules move?

A
  • From high to low concentration
  • Down the conentration gradient.
196
Q

Succession

A

Slow regular sequence of development in a community

197
Q

Law that explains how alleles segrate during a gamete formation

A

Law of Segregation

198
Q

Chromosomes that contain the same type of genes

A

homologous chromosomes

199
Q

What are the three phases of aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Kreb’s Cycle
  • Electron Transport Chain
200
Q

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

A

It trucks around amino acids back to the ribosome only when it’s complementary to the codon on the mRNA.

201
Q

Mitosis

A

Part of cell division when the nucleus divides

202
Q

Describe the DNA molecules at the conclusion of DNA replication?

A

Each DNA molecule is half old and half new.

(semiconservative model)

203
Q

During which phase of the cell cylce does DNA copy?

A

S phase of interphase

204
Q

Which scientist believed that structures in an organism develop because of the over use or innate desire to have that structure

A

Lamarck

205
Q

Replication

A

Process that copies organisms DNA

206
Q

Type of molecule DNA is an example of?

A

Nucleic Acid

207
Q

Number of cells that result from entire meiotic process

A

4

208
Q

Which nitrogenous base is complementary to Guanine?

A

Cytosine

209
Q

Building blocks of a DNA molecule

A

nucleotide

210
Q

Multicellular

A

more than one cell

211
Q

Type of solution that has more solvent and less solute

A

hypotonic

212
Q

Denitrification

A

Conversion of nitrogen into gas

213
Q

Phenotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organisms specific trait

214
Q

Transformation

A

Change due to genes

215
Q

When you are completing a transcription problem what molecule are you representing?

A

You are the RNA polymerase because you look at the sense strand (DNA) and determine what the complementary RNA nucleotides are as you create the mRNA.

216
Q

_______ releases large products or waste molecules out of the cell.

A

Exocytosis

217
Q

Another name for water cycle

A

hydrologic cycle

218
Q

Stage of water cycle that follows precipitation after days of raining

A

runoff

219
Q

What is the mRNA codon complementary to?

A

tRNA anticodon

220
Q

Cell

A

Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from it’s surroundings

221
Q

Translation

A

The decoding of RNA into amino acids

222
Q

Type of transport that takes in large molecules into the cell…so large they can’t fit through the phospholipids or the integral proteins.

A

endocytosis

223
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

It reads the message codon by codon during the translation process

224
Q

Type of meiosis that forms the eggs

A

oogenesis

(remember only one cell becomes an egg; the remaining three dissolve)

225
Q

Diversity of life is known as

A

biodiversity

226
Q

What product from fermentation drives the glycolysis process?

A
  • 2 NAD+
227
Q

Concluded that all plants are made up of cells

A

Matthias Schleiden

228
Q

Crenation

A

Cell shrinks by osmosis water leaves cell

229
Q

Genotype with different forms of the allele

A

Heterozygous

230
Q

All the biomes plus the atmosphere are known as the

A

biosphere

231
Q

Where do we find the majority of phosphorus within our biosphere?

A

locked up in rock and sediment.

232
Q

Two types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

233
Q

Type of transport that requires the use of ATP by the cell

A

Active Transport

234
Q

During which phase of mitosis does DNA turn into the chromatin form?

A

Telophase

235
Q

Designation of the daughter cells since they only have one set of DNA

A

haploid

236
Q

Why is nitrogen necessary for a unicellular or mulitcellular organism?

A

for proteins

237
Q

During which phase of interphase does the cell enlarge?

A

G1

238
Q

What is rRNA also referred as?

A

ribosome

239
Q

Which organelle do spindle fibers grow out of?

A

centrioles

240
Q

Loss of osmotic pressure in a plant cell

A

plasmolysis

240
Q
A
241
Q

What did Mendel first experiment with

A

Pea plants

242
Q

During cellular respiration, this organelle breaks down large carbohydrate molecules into individual glucose molecules.

A

Lysosome

243
Q

During the nitrogen cycle what are the bacteria called that change waste into ammonia?

A

decomposing bacteria

244
Q

What is an example of homozygous recessive

A

tt

245
Q

attach to glycoproteins

A

Peripheral proteins

246
Q

What is the cell’s purpose in making mRNA?

A

DNA contains genes for making proteins at the ribosome. However DNA can’t leave the nuclesu because it’s double stranded. Instead mRNA (the message) is made with only the important information. Since mRNA is single stranded it CAN leave the nucleus and join the ribosome in the cytoplasm.

247
Q

Stage of water cycle where water turns from a gas to a liquid

A

condensation

248
Q

Three main molecules that make up a cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

Proteins

Carbohydrates

249
Q

Which scientist believed that an organism adapts in order to survive in its environment

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

250
Q

Islands where Darwin gathered most of his specimens and data

A

Galapagos Islands

251
Q

Receives the products of the ER’s and ships them to the membrane for export.

A

Golgi apparatus

252
Q

Component of cell walls

A

Cellulose

253
Q

Type of cell that lacks a nucleus

A

prokaryotic cell

254
Q

Occupies the 3rd trophic level

A

secondary consumers

255
Q

Hormones and secretions enter a cell through…

A

pinocytosis

256
Q

During anaphase, when the sister chromatids detach and move to opposite poles of the cell, what are the DNA molecules now called?

A

daughter chromomsomes

257
Q

During which phase of interphase are the organelles doubled?

A

G2 phase

258
Q

The hunter is known as

A

predator

259
Q

Why is carbon necessary for a unicellular or mulitcellular organism?

A

to organic molecules

260
Q

Type of community interaction where one organisms hunts another

A

predation

261
Q

stage of water cycle prior to condensation

A

evaporation or transpiration

262
Q

Which process happens first in protein synthesis?

A

transcription

263
Q

What leads to condensation?

A

Cooling of the atmosphere

264
Q

What splits at the beginning of anaphase?

A

centromeres

265
Q

What returns during telophase?

A
  • Nuclei
  • Nucleoli
266
Q

Occupies the 5th trophic level

A

quaternary consumers

267
Q

The human tailbone is an example of a

A

Vestigial Structure

268
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic part of an organisms specific trait

269
Q

Probability

A

The chances of a certain outcome

270
Q

What is fertilization

A

Male and female reproductive cells joining

271
Q

Organelle

A

Specialized structure that preforms an important function in a cell

272
Q

Synthesis

A

Existing DNA is used as a template to make more DNA

273
Q

What a tetrad is referring to

A

4 sister chromatids

274
Q

When comparing anatomy, which type of structures exist between different species that are not only similar in makeup but also in function.

A

Homologous Structures

275
Q

Type of microscope that gives us an external 3D view of a specimen

A

Scanning electron microsope

276
Q

Type of solution that has more solute and less solvent

A

hypertonic

277
Q

Observing

A

First step in an experiment

278
Q

Type of cell that is synthesized during meiosis?

A

Gamete

279
Q

Which type of fermentation do yeast go through?

A

alcoholic fermentation

280
Q

They are at the top of the food chain and aren’t consumed by an other organism besides decomposers

A

Apex predator/consumer

281
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

In the cytoplasm at the ribosome

(either at the free or bound ribosomes)

282
Q

Helps make the cells mobile

A

cilia and flagella

283
Q

What are alleles

A

Different forms of a gene

284
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

285
Q

What does the DNA coil around to form a sister chromatid?

A

histone proteins

286
Q

Begin the breakdown of a dead organism

A

detritivores

287
Q

Type of cell that bacteria are classified as

A

prokaryotic cell

288
Q

Dihybrid

A

2 traits being crossed

289
Q

Which form of DNA is long and thin?

A

Chromatin

290
Q

Why is phosphorus necessary for a unicellular or mulitcellular organism?

A

for the synthesis of DNA or RNA

291
Q

During which phase of cellular respiration is the carbon dioxide produced?

A

Krebs Cycle

292
Q

Which scientist believed that evolution happens in quick burst followed by long periods of little evolutionary change

A

Gould and Eldridge

293
Q

What are the three main phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • M phase (mitosis)
  • C phase (cytokinesis)
294
Q

What are the three phases of DNA replication?

A

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

295
Q

Microscope that thinnly slices the speciman. Electrons are then forced through the speciman. The rate at which the electrons are collected on the other side is used to put together an image

A

Transmission electron microscope

296
Q

Which products of glycolysis move on to the Krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid

297
Q

Occupies the 1st trophic level

A

producers

298
Q

How many nucleotides make up one codon?

A

three nucleotides or bases

299
Q

Order of the genotypic ratio of a monohybrid

A

_Homozygous dominan_t: Hetero: Homozygous recessive

300
Q

What does survival of the fittest mean?

A

Those organisms that are better adapted to the challenges of the environment and competition of other organisms are more likely to survive and pass on their favorable traits to their offspring.

301
Q

Which enzyme prepares the DNA and exposes the sense strand during transcription?

A

helicase

302
Q

Heterotroph

A

Eats other heterotrophs for food(consumer)

303
Q

What stops with bacteria in terms of feeding relationships

A

energy

304
Q

First to look at protozoa (moving living organisms) in pond water

A

Anton Van Leewenhooke

305
Q

Increase in osmotic pressure in an plant cell leads to the cell becoming ____

A

turgid

306
Q

What disappears during prophase of mitosis?

A

Nucleus

and

nucleolus

307
Q
A
308
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double Helix

309
Q

What is the center of the cell also known as?

A
  • Equator
  • Equatorial plate
  • Metaphase plate
310
Q

Studying the DNA and proteins of difference organims is called

A

Comparitive biochemistry

311
Q

Which products of glycolysis move on to the electron transport chain?

A

2 NADH molecules

312
Q

Segregation

A

Separating the parents alleles

313
Q

Finalize the breakdown of dead organisms

A

decomposers

314
Q

What is an example of homozygous dominant

A

TT

315
Q

A number of the same organisms make up

A

Populations

316
Q

A bug’s exoskeleton and a mouse’s skeletons are examples of

A

Analogous Structures

317
Q

The pairing of like chromsomes

A
  • Homologous pairs
  • Synapsis
  • Tetrad
318
Q

Original source of energy in the ecosystem

A

Sun

319
Q

Formula for probability

A

1 / total number of occurance

320
Q

What aids in atmospheric fixation?

A

Lightening

321
Q

Which type of selective pressure leads to speciation or the formation of new species?

A

Distruptive selection

322
Q

Phase after Cytokinesis I

A

Prophase I

(No interphase between Meiosis I and Meiosis II)

323
Q

Another name for homozygous

A

purebred

324
Q

Part of the phospholipid that faces the cytoplasm or the environment

A

Hydrophillic phospholipid head

325
Q

What are the products of alchoholic fermentation?

A
  • ethyl alcohol
  • 2 NAD+
  • 2 carbon dioxides
326
Q

What happens to the DNA during telophase?

A

Uncondenses/unwinds back into the chromatin long and thin form?

327
Q

Part of the phospholipid that doesn’t like the solvent in the cytoplasm or the environment

A

Fatty Acid Tails

328
Q

Which scientist believed in the use/ disuse theory

A

Lamarck

329
Q

Locations where secondary succession might occur from

A

abandoned farmfield

newly created shallow pond

after a forest fire, tornado or flood

330
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process plants use to make glucose

331
Q

Phase of meiosis where the homologous pairs form?

A

Prophase I

332
Q

The animal being hunted is called the

A

prey

333
Q

During natural selection what influences which organisms will survive and which will be more likely to die?

A
  • Pressures of the environment
  • Competition wih other organims for resources
334
Q

Many different populations make up….

A

communities

335
Q

What do we call the bacteria that change ammonia, nitrates and nitrites back into atmosheric nitrogen?

A

denitrifying bacteria

336
Q

What moves the chromosomes to the equator during metaphase?

A

spindle fibers

337
Q

Regulates the movement of food into the cell and waste out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

338
Q

Which phase is known as the middle phase?

A

metaphase

339
Q

Type of meiosis that forms sperm

A

spermatogenesis

340
Q

What is the cell called at the beginning of the cell cycle?

A

Parent Cell

341
Q
A
342
Q

Concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

343
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the DNA molecules form chromosomes?

A

Prophase

344
Q

Type of meiosis that is just like mitosis

A

meiosis II

345
Q

Organisms that are only one cell in size are known as….

A

unicellular

346
Q

Stage of water cycle following infiltration or seepage

A

root uptake

347
Q

How many numbers are there in a phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross?

A

2

___: ____

348
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

349
Q

Microscope that gives us an internal up-close view of a speciman

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

350
Q

Evaporation from plants

A

transpiration

351
Q

first organisms to settle an area during sucession

A

pioneers

352
Q

Possible numbers in a genotype ratio of a monohybrid cross

A

3

_:_:_

353
Q

Name of the ship that Darwin sailed on during his voyage to South America including the Galapagos Islands

A

HMS Beagle

354
Q

Diffusion through an integral protein from high to low concentration.

A

Facilitated diffusion

355
Q

Microscope that coats the speciman with a metal. Electrons bounce off the speciman and produce and image

A

Scanning electron microscope

356
Q

What method is used to determine the gametes of a parent in a dihybrid

A

FOIL

  • First
  • Outside
  • Inside
  • Last
357
Q

Helps to move around organelles inside the cell as well as products fromt he ER’s to the Golgi bodies.

A

Cytoskeleton

358
Q

Type of symbiosis where one organisms benefits and the other is not benefitting or being harmed

A

commensalism

359
Q

Phase of meiosis where the cells become haploid

A

Cytokinesis I

360
Q

Have the ability to make their own food

A

Autotrophs

361
Q

A protien is a macromolecule that is composed of the _____ building blocks

A

amino acid

362
Q

Permeable

A

Allowing molecules to pass through

363
Q

The “steps” of a DNA molecule is made up of???

A
364
Q

During the nitrogen cycle what process fixes atmospheric nitrogen into the ground?

A

atmospheric fixation

365
Q

If transcription synthesizes the mRNA, what is formed during translation?

A

the protein

or

amino acid chains

366
Q

Type of solution that is more concentrated than the other solution.

A

hypertonic solution

367
Q

Type of community interaction where organisms fight for a mate

A

competition

368
Q

Three types of passive transport

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated Diffusion

Honors Biology (26 decks)

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