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Honors Biology > Spring Final Exams > Flashcards

Spring Final Exams Flashcards

1
Q

Since viruses don’t contain organelles they are referred to as ….

A

noncellular

(not alive)

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2
Q

What is the component of fungal cell walls?

A

chitin

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3
Q

Exit hole for indigested waste for the human

A

anus

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3
Q

Adds a shell around 2-3 eggs as they move caudally toward the uterus

A

shell gland

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3
Q

Sends visual stimuli to the optic lobe

A

Optic nerve

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3
Q

Kingdoms in the 1950’s

A

plantae

animalia

protista

fungi

monera

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3
Q

What are archaebacteria called that live in environments with no oxygen?

A

methanogens

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3
Q

Which type of modified stem is this underground horizontal stem an example of?

A

Rhizome

(ginger plant)

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3
Q

Collectively what are the parts of the male gametophytes of an angiosperm called?

A

stamen

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3
Q

If the filaments are below the females pistil the flower is pollinated by ____

A

animals

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4
Q

What are archaebacteria called that live in environments that are extremely hot and acidic?

A

thermoacidophiles

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5
Q

During reproduction with gametes and the asexual phase, what is formed during two consecutive rounds of mitosis?

A

4 zoospores

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6
Q

Site of fertilization

A

oviduct

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6
Q

Which type of infections target the tissues and organs of the body?

A

systemic

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7
Q

Removes salt from the shark’s body

A

rectal gland

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8
Q

Defining characterist for the plantae kingdom during the two kingdom system

A

sessile

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9
Q

During alternation of generations, which generation is diploid?

A

sporophyte generation

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10
Q

Term used to refer to vision

A

optic

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10
Q

What are disease causing bacteria referred as?

A

parasitic or pathogenic

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10
Q

What is the body of the fungus called?

A

mycelium

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10
Q

Which protists use pseudopodia?

A

Sarcodines

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10
Q

During reproduction with gametes, + and - gametes fuse to form a _____

A

zygote with hardens into a zygospore

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10
Q

Which protist is this?

A

Chlamydomonas

Plant-like

Chlorophyta

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11
Q

Caudal to the small intestines in the human

A

large intestine

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12
Q

Which type of viruses attacks bacteria?

A

bacteriophage

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12
Q

In basidiomycetes what lines the gills and produces spores during sexual reproduction?

A

basidia

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13
Q

Caudal to the spiral intestine

A

rectum

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14
Q

Caudal to the mouth

A

pharynx

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15
Q

Present day kingdom whose organims were once classified as plants during the three kingdom.

A

fungi

(because they mostly grow out of the ground)

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16
Q

What is the alternate name for a mushroom?

A

toadstool

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18
Q

Fins on the backside

A

dorsal fins

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19
Q

How is giardiasis and amoebic dysentary contracted?

A

indirect transmission

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20
Q

Drains the urea from the kidneys in the male sharks

A

accessory ducts

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21
Q

What is the niche of archaebacteria?

A

play a role in the creation of natural gas either in the Earth’s crust or within the digestive tracts of animals.

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22
Q

Where is the DNA in a bacterium found?

A

within the cytoplasm

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23
Q

For a virus that hides out in the body, where does it re-enter lytic replication?

A

at the synthesis phase

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24
Q

During alternation of generations, what does the diploid sporophyte generation create during periods of environmental stress?

A

spores

(by meiosis therefore spores are haploid)

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25
Q

Which line of defense does your skin fall within?

A

1st

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28
Q

For a virus such as HIV, where during the lytic process does it leave and enter into lysogenic replication

A

It leave lytic after the penetration step and enter at combination in lysogenic

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29
Q

Which tissue transports substances thoughout the plant?

A

Vascular tissue

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30
Q

Which ground tissue cell allows a plant to be flexible?

A

collenchyma

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32
Q

location of the gallbladder

A

dorsal side of the medial lobe of the liver

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34
Q

Drains the urea from the kidneys in the female shark

A

Wollfian Ducts

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36
Q

What type of protist undergoes alternation of generation?

A

Ulva

(multicellular)

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38
Q

Which type of ground tissue cell is this of?

A

collenchyma

(thicker at the corners)

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41
Q

What gland makes digestive enzymes for the spiral intestine?

A

pancrease

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42
Q

Main artery coming out of the heart of the shark

A

conus arteriosus

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43
Q

Which line of defense does a fever fall within?

A

2nd

(inflammatory response)

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45
Q

Where the pups exit out of the female

A

cloaca

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47
Q

Gestation period for the shark

A

two years

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49
Q

Excretory structures that both the male and female sharks have in common

A

kidneys

rectal gland

cloaca

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51
Q

Which gound tissue cells stores water and is the site of photosynthesis?

A

parenchyma

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53
Q

An order is broken down into similar

A

families

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54
Q

Two taxa used in the scientific name

A

genus and species

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55
Q

Found within the spiral intestines these help absorb nutrients for the shark.

A

spiral valves

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56
Q

Nervous system parts considered the hindbrain

A

Optic nerve

Optic lobe

cerebellum

medulla oblongata

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57
Q

A kingdom is broken down into similar

A

phyla

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58
Q

Connects the forebrain and the hindbrain

A

diencephalon

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59
Q

What is the alternate name for Deuteromycetes and what is the etymology of the name?

A

Imperfect Fungi

Relates to the fact that they have not been observed to reproduce sexually hense imperfect

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60
Q

What are fungal cells called?

A

hyphae

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61
Q

What is the proper way to write the scietific name according to the rules of binomial nomenclature?

A

genus is capitalized

species lowecase

Both names are underline if hand written

If typed both names are italicized

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62
Q

Which protist is this?

A

Arcella

Animal-like

Sarcodina

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63
Q

Prior to binary fission what must occur within the bacterium?

A

DNA replication

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64
Q

Openings that take in water and remove chemical scents from the water

A

Nostril nares

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65
Q

Coordinates muscular movement

A

Cerebellum

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66
Q

Which type of genetic recombination involves a virus?

A

transduction

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67
Q

After double fertilization what becomes of the ovule

A

Turns into a seed

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68
Q

Defining characteristic for the protista kindgdom during the three kingdom system

A

microscopic

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69
Q

Opening where food enters the shark

A

mouth

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70
Q

Vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the body

A

sinus venosus

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71
Q

List the three tissues of the plant that make up the roots, stems and leaves of a plant.

A

dermal

ground

vascular

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72
Q

Number of lobes for the shark liver

A

3

two long lateral lobes and one short medial lobe

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73
Q

Back fin closest to the head

A

cranial dorsal fin

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74
Q

Location where chemical digestion begin in the human

A

mouth

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75
Q

What type of nucleus is exchanged during conjugation?

A

micronucleus

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76
Q

Separates the specimen into equal left and right sections

A

midsagittal plane

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77
Q

Stores urine before it is excreted out through the cloaca

A

urinary vesicle

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78
Q

What opens the stomata during gas exchange to allow for photosynthesis?

A

Guard cells when they are turgid (high osmotic pressure)

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79
Q

Towards the head

A

cranial

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80
Q

What is the only organelle that bacteria contain?

A

Ribosomes

rRNA

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81
Q

Lobe of tail fin on the back side

A

Dorsal Lobe of the Caudal Fin

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82
Q

In a lichen, what is believed to be the third “wheel” in the relationship?

A

bacteria

(role not fully understood)

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83
Q

Nervous system parts considered in the forebrain

A

Olfactory sac

Olfactory tract

Olfactory lobe

cerebrum

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84
Q

Similar orders make up a

A

class

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85
Q

Which line of defense targets a specific pathogen?

A

3rd

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86
Q

Which protist is this?

A

Euglena

plant-like

Euglenophyta

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87
Q

Which vascular tissue transports water up the plant?

A

Xylem

(trahceids and vessel elements)

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88
Q

Towards the middle

A

medial

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89
Q

Detects movement in the water

A

lateral line system

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90
Q

What fungi are referred as since they break down dead or decaying organic matter?

A

saphrophyte

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91
Q

Which system of the plant anchors the plant?

A

Root system

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92
Q

What is the niche of eubacteria within our biosphere?

A

Decompose organic matter and return the nutrients to the environment.

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93
Q

Which plant organ photosynthesizes?

A

leaf

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94
Q

Found within the stomach these aid in the breakdown of the food into a liquidy substance

A

rugae

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95
Q

What type of environments are ideal for protists?

A

Moist

freshwater, blood or marine environments

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96
Q

Appear as coiled tubules ventral to the kidneys

A

ductus deferens

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97
Q

What type of protist undergoes reproduction with gametes?

A

Chlamydomonas

(unicellular)

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98
Q

Which type of tropism is the shoot of this plant exhibitting?

A

negative geotropism

(growing away from gravity)

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99
Q

What shape bacteria are these?

A

cocci

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100
Q

Which type of angiosperm is this an exaple of?

A

Monocot

(flower parts in multiples of 3)

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101
Q

Cranial to the spiral intestines

A

stomach

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102
Q

During alternation of generations, what do the haploid spores create during periods of environmental stress?

A

male and female gametophytes

(haploid spores divide by mitosis into haploid gametophytes)

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103
Q

Virues are extremely small, smaller than bacteria so they are known as….

A

submicroscopic

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104
Q

During the sexual phase of reproduction with gametes, the mature protist produces ______ instead of zoospores

A

+ and - gametes

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105
Q

Which vacular tissue transports a product of photosynthesis?

A

Phloem (moves glucose down the plant)

106
Q

During angiosperm reproduction, the ovule is double feritized. What is formed during each of those fertilizations?

A

1st: zygote–>embryo
2nd: endosperm (food)

107
Q

Which protist is this?

A

Pandorina

Plant-like

Chlorophyta

108
Q

Towards the backside

A

dorsal

109
Q

What shape bacteria are these?

A

bacilli

110
Q

Chewing of the food is known as

A

mastication

111
Q

Kingdoms in the 1800’s

A

plantae

Animalia

Protista

112
Q

Sends chemical scents to the olfactory lobe

A

Olfactory tracts

113
Q

Which protists are generally parasitic?

A

Sporozoans

114
Q

Naming system develped by Linnaeus

A

Binomial Nomenclature

115
Q

Where is bile used?

A

shark: spiral intestine
human: small intestine

116
Q

Integrates and identifies the scents collected by the shark

A

Olfactory lobe

117
Q

Long and flat and run the length of the shark’s dorsal side from the pectoral fins to the pelvic fins.

A

kidneys

118
Q

All viruses begin with which type of replication as they infect a cell?

A

lytic

119
Q

When zoospores mature and the environments remains favorable what do they create?

A

4 more zoospores

120
Q

Location where nutrients are absorbed in the shark

A

spiral intestine

121
Q

Defining characteristics of the eubacteria kingdom during the 6 kingdom system.

A

prokaryotic

every day normal bacteria

122
Q

In latin virus means….

A

poison

123
Q

Which protists are unique in that they have shells made of silica?

A

Diatoms

Bacillariophyta

124
Q

Linneaus’ broadest level of classification

A

kingdom

125
Q

The involuntary squeezing of the food through the GI tract is known as

A

peristalsis

126
Q

Structures that release the semen sperm mixture into the female’s cloaca

A

claspers

127
Q

What are the three phases of integration during lysogenic replication?

A

combination

dormancy

reactivation

128
Q

What is the outside most layer of an animal virus

A

envelope

129
Q

In a mushroom what grows out of the stem?

A

cap

130
Q

Eubacterians have unique cell walls in that they contain a layer of….

A

peptidoglycan

131
Q

Add semen to the sperm

A

seminal vesicles

132
Q

What type of sexual reproductive process involves the exchanging of DNA?

A

conjugation

133
Q

After double fertilization what becomes of the ovary

A

becomes a fruit

134
Q

Which tissue fills the interior of roots, stems and leaves?

A

Ground tissue

135
Q

Opening where waste and pups exit the shark

A

cloaca

136
Q

Which protists are multicellular?

A

Phaeophyta

Rhodophyta

Chlorophyta

137
Q

When bacteria go through repetitive binary fission and grow in clumps, those clumps are known as

A

colonies

138
Q

Where bile is stored in both the human and shark

A

gallbladder

139
Q

What are some system infections?

A

Blastomycosis

Histoplasmosis

140
Q

Defining characteristics of the monera kingdom during the 5 kingdom systems

A

prokaryotic

microscopic

141
Q

Kingdoms in the 1700’s

A

animalia and plantae

142
Q

Which type of viruses attacks plants?

A

helical viruses

143
Q

During alternation of generations, what is the result of male and female gametes fusing together?

A

Zygote

(haploid gamete + haploid gamete = diploid zygote)

144
Q

Extensions off the pelvic fins that identify the shark as a male

A

claspers

145
Q

Kingdoms that monera split into

A

eubacteria and archaebacteria

146
Q

Study of naming and classifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

147
Q

Senses changes in water temperature, pressure and weak electrical fields

A

ampullae of Lorenzini

148
Q

How many lines of defense are there within your body?

A

3

149
Q

What are the cells called that line the ascocarp in ascomycetes and that make the spores during sexual reproduction?

A

asci

(ascus is the single form)

150
Q

Collects vibrations

A

inner ear

151
Q

What is the cup shaped structure calle of ascomycetes?

A

ascocarp

152
Q

Sends signals to and from the brain

A

spinal cord

153
Q

What can be taken to kill or treat a bacterial infection?

A

antibiotics

154
Q

Creates eggs

A

Ovaries

155
Q

In a mycorrhizal relationship, a fungus forms a growth with _____.

A

plant roots

156
Q

Decides the course of action based on the chemical scent identifications

A

cerebrum

157
Q

What is found on the underneath side of the cap?

A

gills

158
Q

Which structures of a virus allow it to attach to a host cell?

A

Surface proteins of the capsid or envelope

(like a lock and key with host cell’s surface proteins)

159
Q

For both sexual and asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, what is formed that creates and releases spores?

A

sporangia

(sporangium is singular)

160
Q

During alternation of generations, what does the diploid zygote become when conditions become favorable once again?

A

sporophyte

(diploid zygote divides by mitosis into a diploid sphorophyte)

161
Q

Which line of defense does your immune system fall within?

A

3rd

162
Q

What are the pores within the epidermas called?

A

Stomata

163
Q

Which type of fungal infections targets the skin?

A

superficial

(generally caused by deuteromycetes)

164
Q

Two types of fins that stabilize the shark

A

pelvic and dorsal fins

165
Q

Collects chemical scents removed from the water by the nostril nares

A

Olfactory sac

166
Q

How many protists do you start with and end with during conjugation?

A

2

167
Q

Excretory structures unique to the male

A

Accessory ducts

168
Q

What do ciliates and zooflagellates have that aids in the absorption of food?

A

oral grooves and gullets

169
Q

Collects visual stimuli

A

eyes

170
Q

What is found inside of a virus?

A

Nucleic acid

(RNA or DNA)

171
Q

What are archaebacteria called that live in extremely salty environments?

A

extreme halophiles

172
Q

What are the three types of fungus-like protists

A

acellular slime molds

cellular slime molds

watermolds

173
Q

Bellyside lobe of the tail fin

A

Ventral Lobe of the Caudal Fin

174
Q

Fin that propels the shark forward

A

caudal fin

175
Q

Which two protist diseases are caused by sporozoans?

A

Malaria

Giardiasis

176
Q

Defining characteristics of the animalia kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems

A

multicellular only

heterotrophic

177
Q

What is the alternate name for the stem?

A

shoot

178
Q

What are some examples of superficial infections?

A

athlete’s foot

favus

ringworm

yeast infections

179
Q

During alternation of generations, which generation is haploid?

A

gametophyte generation

180
Q

Fins that steer and lift the shark in the water

A

pectoral fins

181
Q

Gland that makes bile for both the human and the shark

A

liver

182
Q

Another name for the throat

A

pharynx

183
Q

Defining characteristics of the protista kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems

A

eukarytotic

unicellular or multicellular

autotrophic or heterotrophic

184
Q

Father of taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaus

185
Q

Tail fin

A

Caudal fin

186
Q

Are fungi unicelluar or multicellular

A

multicelluar

(yeast is only unicellular fungi)

187
Q

Removes nitrogenous waste from the shark’s blood

A

kidney

188
Q

For fungi, what facilitates the dispersal of spores?

A

wind

animals

rain

189
Q

Similar classes make up a

A

phylum

190
Q

What are the 5 phases of lytic replication?

A

attachment

penetration

synthesis

assembly

release

191
Q

Execretory structures unique to female sharks

A

Wollfian Ducts and Urinary Vesicle

192
Q

Kingdom during the three kingdom system that bacteria used to be classfied within

A

protista

193
Q

What is a nucleic acid core surrounded by a proten coat called?

A

a virus

194
Q

Back fin closest to the tail

A

Caudal dorsal fins

195
Q

Holes on the dorsal side of the shark

A

spiracles

196
Q

What are the three types of ground tissue cells?

A

parenchyma

collenchyma

sclerenchyma

197
Q

Which female gametophyte stucture is the site of pollination?

A

stigma

198
Q

What is left on the stem as it accends up out of the mycelium?

A

ring

199
Q

tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach in both the shark and the human

A

esophagus

200
Q

Defining characteristics of the archaebacteria kingdom during the 6 kingdom system

A

prokaryotic

live in extreme/harsh environments similar to early Earth

201
Q

What structure in protists may have evolved over time into the anus?

A

anal pore

202
Q

Which stage is diploid during the reproduction of gametes process?

A

Zygote/zygospore stage

203
Q

What is the only unicellular ascomycete?

A

yeast

204
Q

What are the two main types of dermal tissue?

A

Epidermis

Hairs

205
Q

Which type of tropism are the shoots of this plant exhibitting?

A

positive phototropism

(growth toward light stimulus)

206
Q

Towards the side; away from midline

A

lateral

207
Q

Openings that allow water to enter when the mouth is closed

A

spiracles

208
Q

Location where chemical digestion begins in the shark

A

stomach

209
Q

Which fungal phylum is the least diverse?

A

Zygomycota

210
Q

4 places that the cerebellum receives info from

A

lateral line

ampullae of Lorenzini

inner ear

spinal cord

211
Q

Type of shark we are dissecting?

A

spiny dogfish shark

212
Q

Site of ingestion

A

mouth

213
Q

Used to identify an unknown organims

A

dichotomous key

214
Q

Which protista phylum is most similar to present day simple plants?

A

Chlorophyta

215
Q

What do sclerenchyma cells have in their cell walls

A

cellulose and lignin

216
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine of the human?

A

water

217
Q

What are the two prokaryotic kingdoms?

A

archaebacteria and eubacteria

218
Q

Which ground tissue cell give the plant it’s strenght?

A

sclerenchyma

219
Q

Cranial to the uterus

A

shell gland

220
Q

During conjugation, what combines to form a new macronucleus in a recently conjugated paramecium?

A

2 micronuclei

(1 was its original and 1 is from the other protist)

221
Q

Set of paired openings on the ventral side of the shark near the cranial end.

A

nostril nares

222
Q

During alternation of generations, what does the haploid gametophyte generation create during periods of environmental stress?

A

gametes

(by mitosis therefore they are haploid)

223
Q

Which phloem cells transports the substance around the plant?

A

Sieve tube members

(controlled by companion cells)

224
Q

What bacterial appendage allows it to stick to door handles?

A

pili

225
Q

Why is the meaning behind the chlorophyta phlum name?

A

composed of chloroplasts and chloroplyll

226
Q

Exit hole for indigested waste for the shark

A

cloaca

227
Q

Chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

A

ventricle

228
Q

Plane that separates the animal into cranial and caudal sections?

A

transverse

229
Q

Identifies what the shark sees

A

optic lobe

230
Q

What is the asexual reproductive process called that bacteria go through to make identical daughter cells?

A

Binary Fission

231
Q

What are the skin cells of the plant called?

A

epidermal cells

232
Q

Which tissue protects the plant?

A

Dermal

233
Q

What is the ball shaped structure of a basidiomycete that ultimately grows into a stem called?

A

veil

234
Q

The equivalent of the sprial valves but in the human

A

villi

235
Q

Term used to refer to the sense of smell

A

olfactory

236
Q

What connects two bacteria together during conjugation?

A

sex pilus

237
Q

Defining characteristics of the plantae kingdom during the 5 and 6 kingdom systems

A

multicelluar

autotrophic

238
Q

Which phylum of fungi is the most diverse?

A

Ascomycota

239
Q

Which organs are found within the shoot system?

A

leaves and roots

240
Q

Ventral most fins

A

pelvic fins

241
Q

What in the stamen holds up the anther?;

A

filament

242
Q

Lateral most fins

A

Pectoral fins

243
Q

Chamber where blood enters the heart

A

atrium

244
Q

How are the cell membranes different between the two bacterial kingdoms?

A

eubacteria- may have two cell membranes

arachaebacteria have special lipids that withstand the harsh conditions of their environment.

245
Q

During transformation, what transport process provides the means for how the DNA will enter the bacterium?

A

phagocytosis

246
Q

caudal to the ductus deferens

A

seminal vesicles

247
Q

Towards the tail or feet

A

caudal

248
Q

Similar species make up a

A

genus

249
Q

Where does the foreign DNA come from during the following type of genetic recombination

A

bacteriophage

(this is transduction)

250
Q

The prokaryotic kingdom of the five kingdom system

A

monera

251
Q

Site of egestion in the shark

A

Cloaca

252
Q

Towards the belly side

A

ventral

253
Q

Regulates the circulatory system

A

Medulla Oblongata

254
Q

Since viruses are inactive outside of host cells and must invade cells in or to be active, they are known as

A

pathogens or parasites

255
Q

Which type of viruses attacks animals

A

icosahedral viruses

256
Q

Present day kingdoms

A

plantae

protista

animalia

eubacteria

archaebacteria

fungi

257
Q

How many DNA molecules do bacteria have?

A

1

circular

258
Q

During transformation, what is the DNA fragment called?

A

Plasmid

259
Q

What is the cellularity of most protists?

A

unicellular

260
Q

Which symbiotic relationship results from and alga and fungi living mutualistically together?

A

lichen

Honors Biology (26 decks)

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