Carbs II

Question 1

General outline of glycolysis

Answer 1

covert glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate, yeiling 2 molecules of ATP and reduced NADH

Question 2

what can happen to pyruvate

Answer 2

gets fermented into lactate or ethanol, or oxidaized

Question 3

what do RBC rely on

Answer 3

exclusively on glycolysis

Question 4

what do brain cells rely on

Answer 4

mostly glucose (fatty acids can’t cross bbb)

Question 5

is glycolysis an anaerobic or aerobic reaction

Answer 5

anaerobic

Question 6

1st stage of glycolysis

Answer 6

glucose phosphoryalted twice, yeidls fructose 1, 6 bisphophaste. requires 2 ATP

Question 7

2nd stage of glycolysis

Answer 7

fructose 1,6 bisphophase split into 2 fragements

Question 8

3rd stage of glycolysis

Answer 8

, gives 2 ATP

Question 9

how is fructose procesed

Answer 9

fructokinase in liver

hexokinase in muscle

Question 10

is teh fructokianse reaction dependent on insulin

Answer 10

no

Question 11

how do you degrade galactose

Answer 11

phosphoryalted, link to UDP. UDP galactose transported into UDP glucose

Question 12

what is essential fructosuria caused by

Answer 12

deficieny of liver fructokinase

Question 13

what is hereditary fructose intolerance casued by

Answer 13

deficency in aldolase B

Question 14

symptoms of hereditary fructose intoleracnce

Answer 14

jaundice, kidney failure

Question 15

how do you treat hereditary fructose intoelranc

Answer 15

fructose free diet

Question 16

what is galactosemia casued by

Answer 16

defect in galactokinase, galactose 1 phosphate uridyltransferase, UDP galctose epiermase

Question 17

symptoms of galactosemia

Answer 17

liver damge, cataracts, intellectual disability, haundcie, hepatomegaly

Question 18

how do you treat galactosemia

Answer 18

galactose free diet

Question 19

what are the important redulated enzymes of glycolysis

Answer 19

hexokianse
phosphofructosokianse
yruvate kianse

Question 20

what is hexokinase simtulated by

Answer 20

insuline

Question 21

what is hexokinase inhibted by

Answer 21

G-6-P

Acetyl CoA

Question 22

what is the main regualted step of glycolysis

Answer 22

PFK1

Question 23

what is PFK1 inhibited by

Answer 23

ATP, citrate

Question 24

what is PFK1 stimulated by

Answer 24

hormones, ADP, AMP fructose 2,6 bisphophate

Question 25

what is pyruvate kianse sitmulated by

Answer 25

fructose 1,6 bisphophaste, insuline

Question 26

what is pyruvate kianse inhibited by

Answer 26

ATP

Question 27

what are the regulartory singals of glycolysis

Answer 27

intermeidates
hormones
fructose 2,6bisphophate

Question 28

what is glycolysis stimulated by

Answer 28

epinephrine, glucagon

Question 29

what does fructose 2,6 bisdphoate inhbiit

Answer 29

fructose bisphophatase

Question 30

what does PKA inhibit

Answer 30

phosphofructokinase II

Question 31

how does NADP into the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 31

glycorl phosphate shuttle in muscle and brain

malate aspate shuttle in liver and heart

Question 32

how much ATP does the glycerol phophate shuttle yeild

Answer 32

2

Question 33

how much ATP does the malate aspartate shuttle yeild

Answer 33

3

Question 34

what happens to NADP if there is no oxygen aviable

Answer 34

pyruvate acts as acceptor, which is then reduced to lactate

Question 35

where does lactic acid fermation happen

Answer 35

RBCs and muscles during vigorous excerise

Question 36

wht happens to lactaste

Answer 36

transported to liver, liver oxidized to pyruvate, which syntehsizes glucose (cori cycle)

Question 37

what is the most common hereditary enzymatic defect in glycolysis

Answer 37

pyruvate kinase deficeny