4.1 Anatomy Of The Nervous System

Question 1

Somatic nervous system

Answer 1

Part of the peripheral nervous system; consists of the nerves I can thing messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

Question 2

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

Part of the peripheral nervous system; a set of neurons that control the heart intestines and other organs

Question 3

Dorsal

Answer 3

The top of the brain

Question 4

Ventral

Answer 4

The bottom of the brain

Question 5

Bell-Magendie law

Answer 5

Refers to the observation that the entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands

Question 6

Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 6

Clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord

Question 7

Hindbrain

Answer 7

The posterior part of the brain; consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum

Question 8

Brainstem

Answer 8

The medulla and pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain

Question 9

Medulla oblongata

Answer 9

Just above the spinal cord and can be regarded as an enlarged, elaborated extension of the spinal cord; controls a number of vital reflexes including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing

Question 10

Cranial nerves

Answer 10

A set of nerves that control sensory and motor information of the head

Question 11

Neuroanatomy

Answer 11

The anatomy of the nervous system

Question 12

Pons

Answer 12

Lies anterior and ventral to the medulla; contains the nuclei for several cranial nerves; contains the reticular formation and the raphe system

Question 13

Reticular formation

Answer 13

Includes descending and ascending portions; the descending portion controls the motor areas of the spinal cord; the ascending portions sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal and attention in one area or another

Question 14

Raphe System

Answer 14

Sends axons to much of the forebrain, increasing or decreasing the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

A large hindbrain structure with a great many deep folds; contributes to the control of motor movements, balance, and coordination

Question 16

Midbrain

Answer 16

The middle of the brain

Question 17

Tectum

Answer 17

The roof of the midbrain

Question 18

Superior and inferior colliculus

Answer 18

The two swellings on each side of the tectum; Part of important routes for sensory information

Question 19

Tegmentum

Answer 19

The intermediate level of the midbrain, under the tectum; includes the nuclei for the third and fourth cranial nerves, parts of the reticular formation, and extensions for the pathways between the forebrain and the spinal cord or hindbrain

Question 20

Substantia nigra

Answer 20

Part of the midbrain structure; gives rise to a dopamine-containing path that deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease

Question 21

Forebrain

Answer 21

The most anterior and most prominent part of the mammalian brain

Question 22

Limbic system

Answer 22

Interlinked structures that form the border around the brainstem; these structures are particularly important for motivated and emotional behaviors, such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression; includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Question 23

Diencephalon

Answer 23

The thalamus and hypothalamus together

Question 24

thalamus

Answer 24

A structure in the center of the forebrain; most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which then processes it and sends the output to the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory information

Question 25

Hypothalamus

Answer 25

A small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus; conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones

Question 26

Pituitary gland

Answer 26

An endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus; synthesizes and releases hormones into the blood stream, which carries them to other organs

Question 27

Basal ganglia

Answer 27

A group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus, include three major structures the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the Globus pallidus; Responsible for planning sequences of behavior and for certain aspects of memory and emotional expression

Question 28

Nucleus basalis

Answer 28

Lies on the dorsal surface of the forebrain; receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia, and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex; A key part of the brain system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention

Question 29

Hippocampus

Answer 29

A large structure between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly toward the posterior of the forebrain; critical for storing certain kinds of memories; stores new memories

Question 30

Fornix

Answer 30

A major axon tract that links the hippocampus with the hypothalamus and several other structures

Question 31

Central canal

Answer 31

A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 32

Ventricles

Answer 32

Four fluid-filled cavities within the brain; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Question 33

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 33

A clear fluid similar to blood plasma; it flows from the lateral ventricles to the third and then to the fourth ventricle; from the fourth ventricle some flows into the central canal, but more goes to an opening into thin spaces between the brain and the meninges; cushions the brain against mechanical shock when the head moves; provides buoyancy; provides a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord

Question 34

Meninges

Answer 34

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord