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Pathology I > Session 5 - Chronic Inflammation and Wound Healing > Flashcards

Session 5 - Chronic Inflammation and Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length of chronic inflammation?

A

Days + Weeks + Months

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2
Q

What are the histological appearance of acute inflammation?

A

Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins

Emigration of leukocytes

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3
Q

What are the histological changes seen in chronic inflammation?

A

Infiltration of mononuclear cells

Tissue destruction + tissue repair

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4
Q

What are the mononuclear cells seen in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages + Lymphcytes + Plasma cells

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5
Q

What causes chronic-active inflammation?

A

Initial cause of inflammation has not been removed

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6
Q

What is occurring during chronic-active?

A

Suppurative inflammation with chronic inflammatory changes

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7
Q

What is a disease seen in cattle that can cause chronic-active inflammation?

A

Hardware disease

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8
Q

What is the pathology of FIP?

A

Mutations occur in macrophages in Peyer’s patches of intestines + blood monocytes. Each cat will have its own variant.

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9
Q

What gross changes do you see with FIP?

A

Multifocal, grey-tan, slightly raised pyogranulomas that follow vascular structures and tend to coat serosal surfaces

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10
Q

How does the suppurative component of FIP occur?

A

Due to activated macrophages + monocytes that continue to release proinflammatory mediators

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11
Q

What type of hypersensitivity occurs with FIP?

A

Type III

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12
Q

What happens once type III reaction occurs in FIP?

A

Complement will further promote neutrophil chemotaxis

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13
Q

What type of inflammation does fibrinous inflammation occur?

A

Acute

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14
Q

Why does fibrinous inflammation occur with acute inflammation?

A

Due to increased vascular permeability, fibrinogen is released from vessels and makes a disorganized scaffold

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15
Q

What does the fibrinous inflammation provide scaffolding for?

A

Subsequent fibrosis

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16
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Organized collagen fills areas of tissue damage

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17
Q

What is the major characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?

A

Epithelioid macrophages

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18
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation a subset of?

A

Chronic inflammation

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19
Q

What other cell types, beside epitheliod macrophages, occur in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes + Multinucleated giant cells

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20
Q

Where does fibrosis occur in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Within and around granuloma

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21
Q

Where are epithelioid macrophages found in a granulomatous inflammation?

A

Cluster in a circle around the causative agent

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22
Q

Where are lymphocytes found in a granulomatous lesion? What do they do?

A

Circling the macrophages. Secrete cytokines.

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23
Q

What do Epithelioid macrophages look like histologically?

A

Large cells with abundant pale staining cytoplasm

Flat, sheet like appearance

24
Q

What are giant cells?

A

20+ activated macrophages that can fuse together

25
Q

What do giant cells look like histologically?

A

Large mass of cytoplasm + multiple nuclei

26
Q

What are the common components of chronic inflammation that can lead to neoplasia?

A

Increase cell division = prolonged attempts to heal

Reduced immune surveillance allowing proliferation of cells

27
Q

How is it thought that feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcoma occur?

A

Persistent injection site inflammation + genetic predisposition
Neoplastic transformation of fibroblast + other CT cell type

28
Q

What is the median age of feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcoma?

A

8 years

29
Q

What first is seen (at a young age) that can be a sign post-vaccinal fibrosarcoma will occur?

A

Subcutaneous location near previous vaccine site

30
Q

What are the stages of wound healing?

A

Hemostasis
Acute inflammation
Proliferation
Remodeling

31
Q

What is the general mechanism occurring during proliferation?

A

Granulation

32
Q

What general mechanism is occurring during remodeling?

A

Maturation + Contraction

33
Q

What occurs during hemostasis during wound healing?

A

Occurs immediately

Vasospasm followed by relaxation + accumulation of platelets

34
Q

What type of inflammation occurs with wound healing?

A

Acute

35
Q

What is occurring during the proliferation phase of wound healing?

A

Wound is rebuilt with granulation tissue

Epithelial cells resurface the wound

36
Q

What is it called when epithelial cells resurface wound?

A

Epithelialization

37
Q

What is occurring during granulation?

A

Collagen and new blood vessels occur throughout the wound via angiogenesis

38
Q

Why does angiogenesis need to occur during wound healing?

A

The are that is healing needs adequate oxygen and nutrients

39
Q

What phase does MMP play a role in?

A

Proliferation phase

40
Q

What does MMP do?

A

Damaged tissue matrix is degraded by MMP so that it can be phagocytosis by macrophages

41
Q

What occurs during the maturation phase of wound healing?

A

Remodeling of collagen + switch from synthesis of Type III to I
Collagen synthesis stops
Blood vessels regress and decrease

42
Q

What are the four major cell types in granulation tissue?

A

Macrophages + Fibroblasts + Endothelial cells + Epithelial cells

43
Q

What growth factors are related to macrophages?

A

Lymphokines
C3b
TGF-B
Fibronectin

44
Q

What growth factors are related to fibroblasts?

A 
PDGF + MDGF + EDGF 
IL - 1 
Insulin 
ILGF + FGF + TGF-B
somatomedins 
Lymphokines
45
Q

What growth factors are related to endothelial cells?

A

MDGF + PDGF
Lymphokines
Epidemral angiogenic factor

46
Q

What growth factors are related to epithelial cells?

A

EGF

PDGF

47
Q

What is the most critical growth factor in wound healing?

A

TGF-B

48
Q

What is TGF-B secreted by?

A

Fibroblasts + Keratinocytes + Macrophages + Platelets

49
Q

What does TGF-B work on?

A

Keratinocytes + Fibroblasts + Endothelial cells + Monocytes

50
Q

What does TGF-B do to fibroblasts?

A

Proliferation + Migration

51
Q

What does TGF-B do to macrophages?

A

Promotes chemotaxis

52
Q

What does TGF-B do to fibroblasts?

A

Stimulate production of ECM proteins + Collagen

53
Q

What can occur with granulation tissue that is NOT helping healing?

A

Can overgrow + inhibit healing

aka proud flesh

54
Q

What cell type is responsible for wound contraction?

A

Myofibroblasts

55
Q

What are the basic causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent infections by some microorganisms
Prolonged toxic exposures
Autoimmune reactions
Persistent injury

Pathology I (19 decks)

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