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Pathology I > Session 17 - Neurology I > Flashcards

Session 17 - Neurology I Flashcards

1
Q

What are three viruses that can cause arthrogryposis?

A

Akabane virus
Rift Valley Fever
Cache Valley

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2
Q

What is arthrogryposis?

A

Crooked, curved, or fused joints

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3
Q

What causes swayback in sheep?

A

Copper defiviency

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4
Q

What happens with a ewe’s fetus when veratrum californicum ingestion?

A

Cyclopia, holoencephaly, arhinencephaly

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5
Q

At what point in gestation does a ewe have to ingest veratrum californicum to hurt the fetus?

A

14th day

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6
Q

What can happen to the fetus in sheep infected with the blue tongue virus? (at specific time points)

A

50 days - Sever hydraenecephaly
75 days - Scattered proencephalic cysts
100 days - Scattered glial nodules

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7
Q

Term: Small brain size

A

Microencephally

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8
Q

Term: Hydranencephaly

A

Absence of cerebral hemispheres with filling and dilation of lateral ventricles by CSF

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9
Q

Term: Porencephaly

A

Cystic cavities in partially formed cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

Term: Lissencephaly

A

Failure of gyri + sulci to develop

Smooth cerebral surface

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11
Q

What is thought to cause lissencephaly?

A

Arrest of the normal migration of neurons during development

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12
Q

What animals is lissencephaly normal in?

A

Rodents, Birds, and reptiles

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13
Q

Term: Dysraphism

A

Developmental anomaly of neural tube due to defective fusion

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14
Q

What are common lesions seen with dysraphism?

A

Hydromyelia + Syringomyelia + Meningocele

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15
Q

Term: Hydromyelia

A

Dilation of the central canal

Will see pooled CSF

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16
Q

Term: Syringomyelia

A

Cavitation of spinal cord parenchyma

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17
Q

Term: Meningocele

A

Herniation of meninges through bone defect

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18
Q

What are the two kinds of meningocele?

A

Meningoencephalocele
– and –
Meningomyelocele

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19
Q

Term: Meningoencephalocele

A

Herniation includes the brain

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20
Q

Term: Meningomyelocele

A

Herniation includes spinal cord

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21
Q

What are common forms of Dysraphism?

A

Spina bifida + Cranium bifidum + Anencephaly

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22
Q

What is the most common area for spina bifida to occur?

A

Lumbo-sacral region

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23
Q

What cat is commonly seen with spina bifida?

A

Manx

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24
Q

What type of spina bifida do manx cats tend to get?

A

Coccygeal veterbrae, normally mild

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25
Q

What occurs in the severe form of spina bifida?

A

Skin does not cover the lesion
Posterior arches of vertebra remain open
Neural groove is exposed

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26
Q

What occurs in the intermediate form of spina bifida?

A

Meningomyelocele
– or –
Meningocele
Covered by skin

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27
Q

What occurs in the mild form of spina bifida?

A

Posterior arch of 1+ vertebra is missing

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28
Q

What is another name for the mild form of spina bifida?

A

Spina bifida occulta

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29
Q

What infection can cause anencephaly in fetal goats?

A

Cache valley fever

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30
Q

What are the three mechanisms that can cause hydrocephalus?

A

Compensatory
Obstructive
Over production

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31
Q

What occurs with hydrocephalus with the compensatory mechanism?

A

Fluid fills space created by a loss or failure of development of surrounding parenchyma

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32
Q

What is it called when there is a loss of parenchyma in the brain and CSF takes it’s place?

A

Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo

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33
Q

What occurs with the obstructive mechanism of Hydrocephalus?

A

Fluid accumulates in front of an obstruction

Or behind when there is a block in the ability for the absorption of CSF into the venous system

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34
Q

Where is the most common obstruction that causes hydrocephalus?

A

Mesencephalic aqueduct

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35
Q

What can cause a over production of CSF?

A

Chororid plexus papillomas

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36
Q

What breed of dog most commonly gets congenital hydrocephalus?

A

Toy breeds

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37
Q

What causes congenital hydrocephalus?

A

Fusion of the rostral colliculi = obstruction of the aqueduct

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38
Q

What occurs with the fusion of the rostral colliculi?

A

Dilation of ventricles due to increased CSF pressure

Leads to compression atropy

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39
Q

What happens if the fusion of the rostral colliculi occurs before skull bones have ossified?

A

Enlargement of the cranium occurs

Open fontanelles

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40
Q

When can cerebellar malformations occur? Why?

A

Transplacental or early neonatal

There is still cerebellar development after birth

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41
Q

What clinical signs are seen with cerebellar lesions?

A

Base-wide stance
Spastic hypermetric gait
Loss of balance/ataxia

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42
Q

What are three infections that can cause congenital cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

Feline panleukopenia
Border disease
Bovine Viral Diarrhea

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43
Q

How does feline panleukopenia cause cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

Virus infects actively dividing cells

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44
Q

What layer is most focused on by feline panleukopenia virus?

A

External germinal layer

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45
Q

When is there the most activity in the external germinal layer?

A

Birth till about 2 weeks post natal

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46
Q

What is seen in the brain in a fetus infected with borders disease?

A

Partial or complete absence of cerebellar vermis
Fourth ventricle dilates
Stenosis of aqueduct and hydrocephalus

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47
Q

What syndrome occurs with partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis?

A

Dandy-walker syndrome

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48
Q

When does a fetus have to be exposed to BVD to cause problems?

A

100 to 200 days of gestation

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49
Q

What is seen in a fetus that is infected with BVD?

A

Nonsuppurative inflammation
Necrosis
Hemorrhage
Edema

50
Q

Term: Laminar necrosis

A

Pattern of layered necrosis

51
Q

What is seen histiologically with laminar necrosis?

A

Neurons will appear bright red, angular, shrunken with a pynotic eccentric nuclei
Bands of edema

52
Q

Where does laminar necrosis occur?

A

Cortical grey matter

53
Q

Term: Polioencephalomalacia

A

Softening of the grey matter

54
Q

What can cause polioencephalomalacia?

A

Thiamine deficiency

55
Q

What are the features of neuronal necrosis?

A

Red deads - bright red neurons
Angular
Shrunken
Pyknotic, eccentric nuclei

56
Q

What are the four differentials for cerebrocortical laminar necrosis?

A

Lead poisoning
Thiamine deficiency
Water deprivation + Salt poisoning
Hypoxia

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of lead toxicity?

A

Restlessness
Head pressing
Tremors, seizures, blindness

58
Q

What is seen in horses with lead toxicity?

A

Laryngeal paralysis

59
Q

What is seen in calves with lead toxicity?

A

violent convulsions

60
Q

What is seen with acute lead toxicity?

A

Cerebral edema

61
Q

What is seen with chronic lead toxicity?

A

Laminar necrosis + Peripheral neuropathy

62
Q

What is can lead toxicity be confused as?

A

Thiamine deficiency

63
Q

What are other terms for thiamine deficiency?

A

Polioencephalomalacia

Cerebrocortical necrosis

64
Q

What is another name for thiamine deficiency in ruminants?

A

Blind staggers

65
Q

What is another name for thiamine deficiency in carnivores?

A

Wenicke’s disease

66
Q

What is the presentation of thiamine deficiency?

A

Depression
Blindness, Ataxia
Extensor rigidity of lumbs
Seizures, coma, death

67
Q

Why are cattle predisposed to thiamine deficiency?

A

Have thiaminase producing bacteria in their gut
Young cattle have lack of this bacteria
Rumen acidosis can also kill these

68
Q

What are the two bacteria types that produce thiaminase?

A

Bacillus + Clostridium

69
Q

What lesions are seen in cattle with thiamine deficiency?

A

Neuronal necrosis in all layers of cortical gray matter

Prominent edema in deep lamina

70
Q

What gross lesions are seen with thiamine deficiency?

A

yellow discoloration of cortical surface
These will fluoresce under UV light
Reactive vascular endothelial and vascular proliferation
+/- cortical/meningeal perivascular infiltrates of macrophages

71
Q

Where does necrosis tend to occur in carnivores with thiamine deficiency?

A

Brainstem nuclei, mostly in the caudal colliculi

72
Q

What are two other ways to describe yellow star thistle poisoning?

A

Striatonigral degeneration

Nigropallidal encephalomalacia

73
Q

What causes yellow star thistle poisoning?

A

Centaurea solsitialis

74
Q

Where is yellow star thistle poisoning most common?

A

Northern California + Colorado

75
Q

How long after ingestion of Centaurea solsitialis does it take to see symptoms?

A

1 to 3 months

76
Q

What lesions are seen with yellow start thistle poisoning?

A

Bilateral, focal malacia of anterior globus pallidus, and substantia nigra

77
Q

How does salt poisoning tend to occur in swine?

A

High salt content in diet + period of water deprivation followed by large water consumption

78
Q

What lesions are seen with salt poisoning?

A

Laminar necrosis

Perivascular and meningeal eosinophils

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoglycemia?

A

Irritability, seizures, and coma

80
Q

What can cause hypoglycemia?

A

Chronic liver disease
Insulin secreting tumor of pancreatic islets
Starvation

81
Q

What lesions are seen with acute hypoglycemia?

A

No gross changes

Histologically will see changes in CNS

82
Q

What happens with more chronic forms of hypoglycemia?

A

Neuronal degeneration in cerebral cortex

Axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves

83
Q

What two things can be affected in disorders of myelination?

A

Glial cells + Myelin sheath

84
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

85
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

86
Q

What are the resulting defects of myelination disorders?

A

Demyelination
Dysmyelination
Hypomyelination

87
Q

Term: Demyelination

A

Loss of normal myelin around axons

88
Q

Term: Dysmyelination

A

Formation of abnormal myelin during development

89
Q

Term: Hypomyelination

A

Partial or complete lack of myelin development

90
Q

What are considered leukodystrophies?

A

Dysmyelination + Hypomyelination

91
Q

What viruses can cause hypomyelination?

A

Hog cholera
BVD
Border disease

92
Q

When does Afghan myelopathy present?

A

3 to 13 months of age

93
Q

How does Afghan myelopathy present?

A

Over 7 to 10 days see mild hind-limb weakness + ataxia to hind limb paralysis

94
Q

What lesions are seen in Afghan myelopathy?

A

Bilateral, lateral + vental (sometimes dorsal) column destruction/degeneration of myelin
Axons are sparred

95
Q

Where are lesions most sever in Afghan myelopathy?

A

Thoracic

96
Q

What cellular response is seen in afghan myelopathy?

A

Macrophage response
No acute inflammation
Little astrocytic response

97
Q

What two stains used to stain spinal cords?

A

LFB + PAS

98
Q

What color does LFB stain myelin?

A

Blue

99
Q

What party of the brain is affected in cheetah leukoencephalopathy?

A

Cerebral cortical white matter

100
Q

What is seen histiologically in cheetah leukoencephalopathy?

A

Florid reactive astrocytosis

101
Q

What lesions are seen with Cheetah leukoencephalopathy?

A

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Pitting and roughening of the white mater tracts

102
Q

Term: Neuronal abiotrophy

A

Premature degeneration and death of discrete populations of neurons

103
Q

What are the clinical signs of cerebellar cortical abiotrophy?

A

Ataxia + Head tremor
Symmetric hypermetria
Spasticity
Broad-based stance + Loss of balance

104
Q

What is the normal onset of symptoms from cerebellar cortical abiotrophy?

A

4 to 16 weeks

105
Q

What lesions are seen with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy?

A

Gross loss of cerebellar size in severe cases

106
Q

What is seen histiologicaly with coritcal abiotrophy?

A

Marked neuronal depletion with gliosis

107
Q

What is commonly seen in a canine’s brain due to aging?

A

Meningeal fibrosis

Generalized cortical atrophy

108
Q

What is seen grossly that hints at generalized cortical atrophy?

A

Widened sulci + Narrow gyri

109
Q

What is seen grossly that hints at meningeal fibrosis?

A

White opacification

110
Q

Where is meningeal fibrosis most apparent?

A

Sulci

111
Q

What is dural ossification?

A

FORM OF METAPLASIA

Mature bone forms within meninges of spinal cord

112
Q

Who mostly commonly gets dural ossification?

A

Large breed dogs

German shepherds

113
Q

What is another name for dural ossification?

A

Ossifying pachymeningitis

114
Q

What should be noted when using the name ossifying pachymeningitis?

A

Not an inflammatory lesion

115
Q

At what age do you start to see dogs with Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)?

A

Over 11 years old

116
Q

What things do you see with a dog that has CDS?

A

Disorientation
Decreased or altered response to family
Sleep disturbances
Decreased activity

117
Q

What are some possible mechanisms of CDS?

A

B-amyloid accumulation
Increased activity of pituitary-adrenal axis
Loss of cholinergic receptors
Neuronal loss

118
Q

What happens with equine choroid-plexus cholesterol granuloma?

A

Cholesterol aggregates within CT

119
Q

Who is choroid-plexus cholesterol granuloma most common in?

A

Older horses

120
Q

Where does cholesteatoma tend to occur in the brain?

A

Ventricles and Meninges

Pathology I (19 decks)

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