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Pathology I > Session 8 - Neoplasia > Flashcards

Session 8 - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example given in lecture that leads to the impairment of cell adhesion?

A

E cadherin inhibition

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2
Q

What is a method by which the tumor uses to degrade the basement membrane?

A

Proteases

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3
Q

What is another name for the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina

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4
Q

What are the three stages of invasion?

A

Transformed cells detach from mass
Intravasation
Extravasation

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5
Q

What is intravasation?

A

Extension of mass through endothelium
Interaction with lymphoid cells
Coating with platelets

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6
Q

What does intravasation form?

A

Tumor emboli

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7
Q

What is extravasation?

A

extension back through endothelium
Formation of metastatic deposit
Angiogenesis

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8
Q

What are three common methods of metastatic routes

A

Lymphatic + Hematogenous + Exfoliation/implantation

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9
Q

What tumor type prefers metastasis via lymphatics?

A

Carcinomas

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10
Q

Why are the lymphatics an easy target for metastasis?

A

Very little basement membrane, easy to get through

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11
Q

What type of tumor prefers Hematogenous method of metastasis?

A

Sarcomas

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12
Q

What is the first capillary bed for the vena cava?

A

Lung

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13
Q

What types of cancers tend to spread via the vena cava?

A

Mammary + Skin + Soft tissue + Bone + Thyroid

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14
Q

What is the first capillary bed for the portal vein?

A

Liver

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15
Q

What tumors tend to pass through the portal vein?

A

GI + Pancreatic

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16
Q

What lymphatic vessel dumps into the left side of the neck?

A

Thoracic duct

17
Q

What lymphatic vessel dumps into the right side of the neck?

A

Lymphatic trunk

18
Q

What tumors tend to spread via exfoliation + implantation?

A

Mesothelioma + Some reproductive carciomas

19
Q

What are two primary effects of tumors that are used to gauge morbidity?

A

Loss of function + Pain/Discomfort

20
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Symptom complexes that cannot be directly linked to local or distant tumors

21
Q

What causes hypercalcemia with some masses?

A

Increased calcium reabsorption + decreased phosphate reabsorption
Release from bones via osteoclasts
(both of the above stimulated by PTHrP)
Increased absorption in the intestines

22
Q

What are the common clincal presentations of anorexia/cachexia?

A

Anemia + Weakness + Fatigue + Weight loss + Weak immunity

23
Q

What are common mechanisms for anorexia/cachexia?

A

Reduced caloric intake
Metabolic alterations
Increased catabolism
Cytokine release

24
Q

What cytokine encourages lipid breakdown?

A

TNF-alpha

25
Q

What is important clinically about paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Major contributor to clinical signs seen with cancer
Can serve as diagnostic aids
Markers for response to treatment

26
Q

What is the best predictor of tumor behavior?

A

Cell morphology

27
Q

What characteristics are used for classifying tumors?

A 
Tissue of origin 
Low to high based of level of differentiation (high being poor) 
Invasiveness 
Mitotic index 
Necrosis
28
Q

What is the mitotic index?

A

Number of mitoses in 10 fields at 40x magnification

29
Q

What do grading schemes of tumors relate together?

A

Tumor features
Disease free intervals
Rate of recurrence
Survival data

30
Q

What are the stages of the TMN classification scheme?

A

Local + Regional + Metastatic

31
Q

What is are the components of the TMN classification scheme?

A

Size of primary tumor
Spread to lymph nodes
Presence or absence of distant metastasis

32
Q

What can go wrong with incomplete excision of a tumor?

A

Can lead to regrowth w/ greater malignancy

33
Q

What is involved in the invasion process of tumor growth?

A

Impairment of cell adhesion
Basement membrane degradation
Extension to permissive tissues

Pathology I (19 decks)

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