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Pathology I > Session 20 - Neurology IV > Flashcards

Session 20 - Neurology IV Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common route for neurologic infections?

A

Hematogenous

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2
Q

What pathogens get to the brain via the nerves?

A

Rabies + Listeria monocytogenes + Herpes

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3
Q

What is the method by which these viruses infect the brain?

A

Retrograde axonal transport

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4
Q

What is a major characteristic of retrograde axonal transport?

A

Signs appear faster the closer the point of inoculation is to the head

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5
Q

What are the two types of inflammation that can occur within the nervous system?

A

Suppurative vs. Non-suppurative

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6
Q

What can be seen with some viruses?

A

Viral inclusions within the cell

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7
Q

Term: Inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

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8
Q

Term: Inflammation of the meninges

A

Meningitis

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9
Q

Term: Inflammation of the spinal cord

A

Myelitis

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10
Q

Term: Inflammation of all three regions of the CNS

A

Meningoencephalomyelitis

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11
Q

What are some gross features of meningoenchapalitis?

A

Flattening of gyri + loss of sulci = swelling
Hyperemia of blood vessels = inflammation
Clouding of meninges = Infiltrates
Multifocal hemorrhages

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12
Q

What is listeriosis caused by?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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13
Q

What is three major consequences of listeriosis?

A

Abortion/Still birth
Septicemia
Meningoencephalitis

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14
Q

How does listeria get access to the brain?

A

oral cavity by following peripheral nerves to the midbrain

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15
Q

What does listeria have an affinity for within the brain?

A

Brainstem + Cerebellum

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16
Q

What should be sent in if listeria is the suspected pathogen?

A

Brainstem

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17
Q

What lesions will be seen with listeria?

A

Multifocal microabscesses containing neutrophils + microglia
Small number of mononuclear cells

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18
Q

What does histophilus somni cause?

A

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis

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19
Q

What gross lesions are seen with a histophilus somni infection?

A

Fibrionpurulent serositis
Arthritis
Synovitis
Hemorrhagic infarcts

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20
Q

Where are hemorrhagic infarcts seen in histophilus somi?

A

Spinal cord
Brain
Muscle

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21
Q

What brain lesions are seen with histophilus somni?

A 
Swelling = flattening of gyri 
Vessels contain septic fibrin thrombi 
Vascular necrosis 
Neutrophilic vasculitis 
Local ischemia = brain parenchyma pale
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22
Q

What are two common viral mechanisms?

A

Cytotoxicity

Induce autoimmunity and immune system evasion

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23
Q

What are common histological features of a viral infection of the nervous system?

A

Destruction of neurons +/- neuronophagia
Perivascular cuffing
Parenchymal infiltrations
Inclusion bodies

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24
Q

What virus tends to be intranuclear?

A

Herpes + CSD

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25
Q

What virus tends to be intracytoplasmic?

A

Rabies

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26
Q

What tends to be the components of parenchymal infiltrates in viral infections of the CNS?

A

Lymphocytes + Plasma cells + Macrophages

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27
Q

What causes canine distemper?

A

Morbillivirus

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28
Q

What is the disease course of CDV?

A

Acute and fatal
– or –
Chronic and relapsing

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29
Q

What is the common method of transmission for CDV?

A

Respiratory

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30
Q

What becomes inflamed in systemic infections of CDV?

A

Respiratory + GI

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31
Q

What cell type do lesions appear with CDV?

A

Can be detected in neurons + astrocytes + oligodendrocytes

No particular selectivity

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32
Q

What neurological lesions are seen with CDV?

A

Varies
Necrotizing meningoencephalitis
– or –
Large patchy areas of demylelination

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33
Q

Where is demyleination most prominent in CDV?

A

Peri-ventricular locations around 4th ventricle

In white matter and penduncles

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34
Q

What is seen with acute distemper demyelination histologically?

A

Vacuoles + Glial cells with inclusions bodies

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35
Q

What is seen with chronic CDV infections histologically?

A

Less inflammation
More astrocytic
Subacute sclerosising panencephalitis

36
Q

What can occur in ferrets with CDV?

A

Hard pad disease

37
Q

What is the diagnosis of CDV?

A

Lesions with intranuclear inclusions in neurons + astrocytes

38
Q

What lesions are seen with FIP?

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation in meninges + ventricles

Sometimes secondary hydrocephalus

39
Q

What are common clinical signs of rabies?

A

Irritability
Hyperesthesia
Paresis + Paralysis

40
Q

What causes the furious behavior with a rabies infection?

A

Infection of the limbic system

41
Q

What causes hypersalivation/

A

Pharyngeal paralysis

42
Q

What is the timeline which rabies becomes fatal?

A

7 to 10 days

43
Q

Where does the rabies virus replicate in the body?

A

Muscles

44
Q

How does the rabies virus travel through the body?

A

Acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ

45
Q

How does the rabies virus get to the CNS?

A

Retrograde axoplasiimic flow to spinl ganglia

Ventral horn to brainstem motor gangli

46
Q

What is the typical incubation time for rabies?

A

30 to 90 days

47
Q

What is the common gross presentation of rabies?

A

Non-suppurative polioencephalomyelitis

Craniospinal ganglionitis

48
Q

Where is inflammation most severe with rabies?

A

Brainstem

49
Q

What is seen histologically with rabies infection?

A

Perivascular cuffing
Microgliosis
Astrogliosis + Neuronal necrosis later on
Negri bodies

50
Q

Where are negri bodies most commonly found in ruminants?

A

Cerebellar purkinje cells

51
Q

Where are negri bodies most commonly found in carinivores?

A

Hippocampal neurons

52
Q

What happens in skunks and foxes with rabies infection?

A

Spongiform change similar with scrapies

53
Q

Term: Spongiform change

A

Vacuolation of gray matter neuropil

54
Q

What needs to be sent in if rabies is the suspected pathogen?

A

The entire head

55
Q

What can herpes virus cause in the nervous system?

A

Neuronal + Glial necrosis
Endothelial necrosis
Inflammatory cytokine damage

56
Q

Where do latent infections of the herpes virus occur?

A

Ganglia

57
Q

What are the important herpes viruses when it comes to neuronal infection?

A

Equine herpesvirus 1
Bovine herpes virus 5
Herpes suis

58
Q

What does EHV-1 cause?

A

Equine myeloencephalopathy

59
Q

What does BHV-5 cause?

A

Bovine herpes meningoencephalopathy

60
Q

What does herpes suis cause?

A

Pseudorabies

61
Q

What does herpes suis cause in sows?

A

Early embryonic death + abortion

Fetal mummies

62
Q

What does herpes suis cause in young piglets?

A

Death

63
Q

What does herpes suis cause in older pigs?

A

Mild, but can shed the virus to others

64
Q

What are clinical signs of pseudorabies?

A

Fever + Ataxia + Tremors

Nystagmus + Recumbency + Seizures

65
Q

Where are lesions seen in pseudorabies?

A

Cerebral + Cerebellar cortex
Non-suppurative ganglioneuitis
Meningoencephalitis w/ neuronal necrosis

66
Q

What are two apicomplexan parasites that can reach the brain?

A

Toxoplasma gondii
– and –
Neospora caninium

67
Q

What is the most common protozoal disease?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

68
Q

Who does neospora caninum commonly infect?

A

Cattle

69
Q

What does neospora caninum cause in cattle?

A

Abortion

70
Q

What is the definitive host for neospora caninum?

A

Canids

71
Q

What is seen with a neospora caninum infection?

A

Nonsupprative inflammation in the brains of aborted fetuses

72
Q

What microsporidian parasite infects the brain?

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

73
Q

What animal is encephalitozoon cuniculi most commonly seen?

A

Rabbits + Rodents

74
Q

Where in the body are lesions mostly seen with a encephalitozoon cuniculi infection?

A

Brain + Kidney

75
Q

What lesions are seen with a encehpalitozoon cuniculi infection?

A

Non-supprative meningoencephalomyelitis

Gliosis + Microgranulomas around small BV

76
Q

How does TSE present?

A

Trembling + Seizures + Agitation + Rubbing

77
Q

Where are lesions seen in TSE

A

Large neuronal vacuoles in grey matter nuclei

NO CEBERAL CORTEX

78
Q

What TSE form infects cervids?

A

Chronic wasting disease

79
Q

What type of spread is seen in CWD?

A

Horizontal via ingestion

80
Q

What is the presentation of CWD?

A

Weight loss + Dullness + PU/PD

81
Q

What are lesions seen with CWD?

A

Neuronal vacuolation + Gliosis + Amyloid deposition

82
Q

Where are lesions most prominent in CWD?

A

Vagal nuclei

83
Q

What is TSE seen in bovines called?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalitis

84
Q

When does BSE present?

A

3 to 6 years of age

85
Q

What is the presentation of BSE?

A

Apprehension + Hyperesthesia + Altered behavior

86
Q

What lesions are seen with BSE?

A

Neuropil + Neuronal vaculation in grey matter nuclei

Pathology I (19 decks)

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