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Pathology I > Session 18,19 - Neurology II + III > Flashcards

Session 18,19 - Neurology II + III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common reasons for hemorrhage/edema?

A

Trauma + Vascular accidents

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2
Q

What about the color of the hemorrhage tells you about it’s age?

A

Red/black = early
Golden-brown = Late
Pale, shrunken scar = healed, very old

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3
Q

What is one of the most dangerous types of hematomas? Why?

A

Sub-dural hematomas

Delayed, fatal manifestation of what seem like minor injuries

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4
Q

Term: Concussion

A

Head injury leading to loss of consciousness without evidence of injury

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5
Q

Term: Contusion

A

Head injury leading to hemorrhage
+/- tearing of brain parenchyma
+/- Skull fracture

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6
Q

Why does coupe + contra coupe injuries occur?

A

Brain is encased in skull but is not attached to it. When a strong force occurs the brain will rattle back and forth. Causing injury on both sides.

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7
Q

What can cause hematomyelia?

A

Disc herniation, or another form of trauma

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8
Q

Term: Hematomyelia

A

Ascending and/or descending dissecting hemorrhage that extends along spinal cord from a point of grey mater arterial trauma

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9
Q

How does Hematomyelia present?

A

Ascending or descending paralysis and sensory deficits

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10
Q

How long after injury to the spinal cord do you start to see symptoms?

A

12 to 24 hours

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11
Q

When is a hematomyelia most likely life threatening?

A

When they occur at the brainstem or 5th cervical cord segment

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12
Q

Why is the 5th cervical cord segment most dangerous?

A

Phrenic nerve is present

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13
Q

How do hematomyelias appear grossly?

A

Tracts of myelomalacia + hemorrhage WITHIN the cord

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14
Q

What does the phrenic cord supply?

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

What are three common reasons for infarction within the cerebrum?

A

Vasculitis + Thrombosis + Embolism

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16
Q

What are the results of cerebral infarction?

A

Necrosis + Hemorrhage + Edema

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17
Q

What kind of necrosis occurs with cerebral infarction?

A

Liquefactive

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18
Q

Term: Fibrocartilaginous emboli

A

Emboli made from degenerative intervertebral disc material

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19
Q

How do fibrocartilaginous emboli cause an infarction in the spinal cord?

A

Material is extruded into SC blood vessels

Travels to parenchyma of SC

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20
Q

What does intervertebral disc disease look like grossly?

A

Nucleus pulposis will have chalky white areas

These are areas of degeneration + mineralization

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21
Q

What animals have a predisposition to CNS tumors?

A

Brachycephalics

Older dogs

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22
Q

What type of CNS tumor is most common in Brachycephalic dogs?

A

Gliomas

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23
Q

What are the common clinical signs of CNS tumors?

A

Seizures + Depression + Temperament changes + Propulsive gait + Blindness

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24
Q

Term: Neuroglia

A

Macroglia + Microglia

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25
Q

Term: Macroglia

A

Astrocytes + Oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

What are the two histologic Astrocyte types?

A

Fibrous + Protoplasmic

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27
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes normally found?

A

White matter

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28
Q

What is the appearance of fibrous astrocytes?

A

Slender processes

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29
Q

What are fibrous astrocytes most commonly like?

A

Type 2

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30
Q

Where are protoplasmic astrocytes most commonly found?

A

Grey matter

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31
Q

What is the appearance of protoplasmic astrocytes?

A

Large with small number of short processes

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32
Q

What are protoplasmic astrocytes most similar to?

A

Type 1

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33
Q

Term: Gemistocytes

A

Astrocytes that respond to injury by increasing their cytoplasm
Can become multinucleated

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34
Q

Term: Alzheimer Type 2 astrocytes

A

Cluster of astrocytic nuclei that are swollen and clear

Chromatin peripherally dispersed

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35
Q

What are alzheimer type 2 astrocytes most commonly associated with?

A

Hepatic + Renal encephalopathy

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36
Q

How do oligodendrocytes act in the gray matter?

A

Satellite cells

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37
Q

How do oligodendrocytes act in white matter?

A

Neuroglia, most numerous type

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38
Q

What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Form myelin

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39
Q

CNS myelin forming cells

A

Oligodendrocyte

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40
Q

PNS myelin forming cells

A

Schwann cell

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41
Q

What two things does myelin do to the nerve?

A

Increase electrical resistance
– and –
Lowers capacitance

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42
Q

What is myelin made of?

A

78 to 80% lipids

PLP + MBP

43
Q

What type of cholesterol is used in myelin formation?

A

Cerebrosides

44
Q

What is PLP?

A

Proteolipid protein

45
Q

What is MBP?

A

Myelin basic protein

46
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Phagocytosis in the brain

aka Macrophages

47
Q

What are the two places from which macrophages can come from that aid the brain in phagocytosis?

A

Microglia
– or –
Blood macrophages

48
Q

What are all forms of glial tumors?

A

Malignant

49
Q

What are astroglial tumors called?

A

Astrocytoma

50
Q

What animals are predisposed to getting astrocytomas?

A

Aged animals

Brachycephalic breeds

51
Q

What is the marginal appearance of astrocytomas?

A

Indistinct margins

52
Q

Where are astrocytomas most commonly found in the brain?

A

Cerebrum

Temporal lobes

53
Q

With astrocytomas, what are the most common gross features seen?

A

Swelling around the mass + Secondary effects

54
Q

What are the three tumor consistencies that can occur with astrocytomas?

A

Fibrillary
Protoplasmic
Gemistocytic

55
Q

What do fibrillary astrocytomas look like?

A

Firm

56
Q

What do protoplasmic astrocytomas look like?

A

Soft or gelatinous

57
Q

What do gemistocytic astrocytomas look like?

A

Softer

58
Q

What is the histiological appearance of diffuse astrocytomas?

A

Well-differentiated
Sheets of brightly eosinophilic astrocytic cells with prominent processes
Atypical nuclear features

59
Q

What is the histrological appearance of diffuse astrocytomas?

A 
Nuclear variability 
Mitotic figures 
Dense, hyperchormatic nuclei 
Vascular proliferation within the mass 
Multinucleated cells
60
Q

What dogs are predisposed to oligodendorgial tumors?

A

Mature, older dogs

Males more commonly then females

61
Q

Where is the most common location of oligodendroglial tumors?

A

Frontal lobe

62
Q

What is the gross appearance of oligodendroglial tumors?

A

Pink to gray
Soft to gelatinous
Central cysts can occur in large masses

63
Q

What are the histological features of an oligodendroglial tumor?

A 
Fried egg appearance 
Small round cells in a sheet pattern 
Weakly staining cytoplasm 
Sharp cell margins 
Some produce mucin
64
Q

What are the two most common neuronal tumors?

A

Neuroblastoma
– and –
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)

65
Q

Term: Neuroblastoma

A

Primitive neuroepithelial cells that differentiate to neuroblasts

66
Q

What do neuroblastomas look similar to?

A

Oligodendrogliomas

67
Q

Term: PNET

A

Primitive tumors of any cell derivation

68
Q

Term: Medulloblastoma

A

Undifferentiated cells of the neural tube

69
Q

Where does medulloblastoma most commonly occur?

A

Cerebellum of young animals

In the external germinal cell layer

70
Q

What does a medulloblastoma look like grossly?

A

Grey masses
Commonly in the vermis
+/- secondary hydrocephalus from obstruction

71
Q

What is the histological appearance of a medulloblastoma?

A

Uniform, densely packed cells
Sub-pial extension
Elongated nuclei

72
Q

What is the cellular arrangement in medulloblastomas?

A

Homer-wright rosettes

73
Q

What is the most common intercranial brain tumor in cats?

A

Meningioma

74
Q

Where do meningiomas most commonly arise from?

A

Arachnoid

75
Q

Why can you get intraventricular meningiomas?

A

Pia mater is present in the choroid plexus

76
Q

What type of neoplasm is a meningioma?

A

Benign

77
Q

What is the gross appearance of a meningiomas?

A

Firm to rubbery
Lobular to papillary
Gray to pink
Tend to peel out of area since they do not infiltrate other tissues

78
Q

What are two important gross findings that can occur with meningiomas?

A

Hyperostosis
– and –
Compression below the tumor

79
Q

Term: Hyperostosis

A

bone reaction to tumor

80
Q

What is a differential that needs to be taken into consideration with meningiomas? Why?

A

Bacterial meningitis

Elevation of neutrophils present in CSF due to necrosis of tissues

81
Q

What is the histologic appearance of meningiomas?

A

Can be mesenchymal, epithelial, or mixed
Nest, laminated whorls, or streaming patterns
Mineral commonly seen

82
Q

Term: Ependyomas

A

Derived from ependymal epithelial cells that line ventricles of central canal of SC

83
Q

What animal are choroid plexus tumors most commonly reported?

A

Dogs ( can occur in horses and cow though)

84
Q

What is the most common location of choroid plexus tumors?

A

4th ventricle

85
Q

What are the most common clinical signs of choroid plexus tumors

A

Vomiting + Positional nystagmus + Head tilt + Spastic tetraparesis

86
Q

What three tumor types can occur in the choroid plexus?

A

Papilloma + Adenoma + Carcinoma

87
Q

What are the gross features of a choroid plexus tumor?

A

Red/Grey to tan
Nodular
Malignant - infiltration of surrounding tissues will occur
Hydrocephalus - if obstruction occurs

88
Q

What is the histologic appearance of choroid plexus tumors?

A

Vascular papillary projections lined by cells

89
Q

What cell type is seen in a choroid plexus papilloma?

A

Cubodial to columnar cells

90
Q

What cell type is seen in a choroid plexus adenoma?

A

Dual layers of cubodial cells

91
Q

What form of lymphosarcoma is primary in the brain?

A

CNS B cell lymphoma

92
Q

What type of tumor is seen with B cell lymphoma in the CNS?

A

Reticulosis

93
Q

What is the most common cancer in canines to metastasize into the brain?

A

Mammary

94
Q

Term: Schwannoma

A

Benign tumor of a schwann cell

95
Q

Term: Neruofibroma

A

Tumor is of schwann cell + perineural cell origin

96
Q

What are the maglignant verisons of a schawannoma and neurofibroma called?

A

Malignant schwannoma
– and –
Peripheral nerve sheath tumor

97
Q

What dogs tend to be predisposed to hmangiopericytomas?

A

Middle aged to older dogs

98
Q

What is the general behavior of a hemangiopericytoma?

A

Arise in subcutis

Around joints of legs

99
Q

What is the gross appearance of a hemangiopericytoma?

A

Very large
Central necrosis
Slimy to mucoid material on cut section

100
Q

What is the histologic appearance of a hemangiopericytoma?

A

Perivascular whorls of fusiform cells
Also in bundle or storiform pattern
High degree of pleomorphism

101
Q

What is a common problem with removal of hemangiopericytomas?

A

If you do not excise completely the tumor that comes back tends to be more malignant then the one before it

102
Q

Term: Neurofibromatosis

A

Single or multiple neurofibromas + schwannomas

at multiple sites

103
Q

What are the four places that neurofibromatosis tends to occur?

A

Heart + Branchial plexus + Mediastinum + Intercostal nerves

104
Q

What animal tends to get neurofibromatosis?

A

Cattle

Pathology I (19 decks)

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