Chapter 3

Question 1

antibiotic

Answer 1

chemicals that either kill bacteria or slow their growth by interfering with the function of essential bacterial cell structures
Can kill by: interrupting protein synthesis on a ribosome, targeting cell wall synthesis, inhibiting DNA synthesis, or interfering with vitamin production

Question 2

nuclear envelope

Answer 2

double membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Question 3

golgi appartus

Answer 3

an organelle made up of stacked membrane enclosed discs that packages proteins and prepares them for transport

Question 4

mitochondria

Answer 4

membrane-bound organelles responsible for important energy conversion reactions in eukaryotes

Question 5

lysosome

Answer 5

organelle in eukaryotic cells filled with enzymes that can degrade worn-out cellular structures

Question 6

isotonic

Answer 6

describes a solution surrounding a cell that has the same solute concentration as the cell

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

the gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells

Question 8

hypertonic

Answer 8

describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell

Question 9

cell wall

Answer 9

rigid structure enclosing the cell membrane of some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape

Question 10

hypotonic

Answer 10

describes a solution surrounding a cell that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell

Question 11

cell membrane

Answer 11

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of all cells

Question 12

gram-positive bacteria

Answer 12

refers to bacteria with a cell wall that includes a thick layer of peptidoglycan that retains the gram stain

Question 13

active transport

Answer 13

the energy-requiring process by which solutes are pumped from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the help of transport proteins

Question 14

eukaryotic cell

Answer 14

presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles

Question 15

transport proteins

Answer 15

proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane

Question 16

simple diffusion

Answer 16

movement of a small, hydrophobic molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower
does not require an input of energy

Question 17

ribosome

Answer 17

complex of RNA and protein that carries out protein synthesis in all cells

Question 18

prokaryotic cell

Answer 18

lacks internal membrane-bound organelles and whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus

Question 19

peptidoglycan

Answer 19

macromolecule found in all bacterial cell walls that confers rigidity

Question 20

gram-negative bacteria

Answer 20

has a cell wall that includes a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer lipid membrane that does not retain the gram stain

Question 21

facilitated diffusion

Answer 21

process by which large or hydrophilic solutes move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of transport proteins
doesn’t require the input of energy

Question 22

cytoskeleton

Answer 22

network of protein fibers in eukaryotic cells that provides structure and facilitates cell movement
it includes microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Question 23

cell theory

Answer 23

concept that all living organisms are made of cells and that cells are formed by the reproduction of existing cells

Question 24

osmosis

Answer 24

diffusion of water across a semipermable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Question 25

endosymobiosis

Answer 25

scientific theory that free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 26

organelles

Answer 26

membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells that carry out specific functions

Question 27

chloroplast

Answer 27

the organelle in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Question 28

nucleus

Answer 28

the organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material