Chapter 4

Question 1

vitamins

Answer 1

organic molecule requiring in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance

Question 2

substrate

Answer 2

molecule to which an enzyme binds and on which it acts

Question 3

nutrients

Answer 3

components in food that the body needs to grow, develop, and repair itself

Question 4

minerals

Answer 4

inorganic chemical element required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance (i.e. calcuim, iron, potassium, zinc)

Question 5

essential amino acids

Answer 5

amino acids that the human body can’t synthesize and must obtain from food

Question 6

coenzymes

Answer 6

small organic molecule (such as vitamin) required to activate an enzyme

Question 7

catabolic reactions

Answer 7

any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simplier molecules

Question 8

active site

Answer 8

part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate

Question 9

micronutrients

Answer 9

nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health

Question 10

enzymes

Answer 10

protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Question 11

metabolism

Answer 11

all the chemical reactions taking place in the cells of a living organism that allow it to obtain and use energy

Question 12

cofactors

Answer 12

inorganic substances that are required to activate an enzyme (i.e. metal ion)

Question 13

malnutrition

Answer 13

medical condition resulting from the lack of any essential nutrient in the diet
often (but not always) assoicated with starvation

Question 14

catalysis

Answer 14

process of speeding up the rate of a chemical reaction

Question 15

macronutrient

Answer 15

nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health

Question 16

anabolic reactions

Answer 16

any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more-complex molecules

Question 17

essential nutrients

Answer 17

nutrients that cannot be made by the body, so must be obtained from the diet

Question 18

activation energy

Answer 18

energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed

Enzymes accelerate reactions by reducing this