PEDI--EXAM 2--TEST BANKS Flashcards
chain of infection
pathogenic agent reservoir portal of exit transmission portal of entry host susceptibility
illness passed by direct or indirect contact
communicable disease
risk factors for communicable disease
- Immature immune system
- Limited prior exposure to communicable diseases
- Poor hygiene behaviors
- Poor health and immunodeficiency increase risk
Prevention of the Spread of Infectious Disease
Hand washing
Standard precautions
Avoid exposure to infected individuals
Promote immunizations
Decrease/eliminate pathogens
in some cultures, infectious diseases are seen as?
punishmentor the result of curses or evil spirits.
monitoring patterns of disease occurrence
disease surveillance
Outcomes of disease surveillance
Development of public health programs
Scientific advances
Reduction or elimination of many infectious and communicable diseases
Antibody production stimulated by vaccine antigens without causing clinical disease
active immunity
Antibodies produced in another host (human or animal) given when child needs antibodies faster than the body can make them
Includes immune globulins
Note—does not confer lasting immunity; child will need vaccine in future
passive immunity
Contraindications to vaccine administration
History of anaphylactic reaction to the vaccine or one of its components
Moderate to severe acute illness
For specific vaccines, pregnancy or allergy to some components
Agencies involved in development of immunizations
FDA
CDC
ACIP
Barriers to
Immunization Compliance
Economic factors
Limited access to health care
Lack of convenient primary care
Parental knowledge deficit
Religious/cultural prohibitions
can be administered when children have a mild illness
vaccines
give combinations of _____ at the same visit
vaccines
must be obtained before immunization administration
informed consent
Required documentation for immunizations
Date of administration
Vaccine given
Manufacturer
Lot number and expiration date of vaccine
Site and route of administration
Name, title, and address of person administering vaccine
A ____ of the administration should be given to the client’s parent.
record
how to minimize pain during administration
Provide local anesthetic
Give child as much control as possible
Be honest with the child
Provide sucrose drink and pacifier if appropriate
Use age-appropriate distraction techniques
exposure to different temperatures may result in damage to vaccine ______.
potency
sx of communicable disease
Nonspecific symptoms
Fever (most common)
Fatigue
Malaise
Weakness
Aches
Decreased appetite
Nausea /vomiting/ diarrhea
cultures can test for?
bacterial
viral
fungal
clinical therapy of communicable diseases
antipyretics
antibiotics
antiviral medications
Vector-Borne Illnesses are transmitted by
biting insects or animals
Microorganisms spread and multiply, initiating inflammatory response
Vector-Borne Illnesses
prevent growth or destroy microorganisms of Vector-Borne Illnesses
antimicrobials
Assess for and treat general symptoms of vector-borne illnesses
Pain
Fever
Altered nutritional status
Dehydration
Toxic appearance
how to Limit the spread of infection of vector-borne diseases
Isolate from other children
Clean shared items
Maintain a high level of suspicion when numerous individuals with similar signs and symptoms are seen
what to educate parents on about vector-borne illnesses
symptom management
limiting spread of infection
when to consult the healthcare provider
fever management of vector borne illnesses
Administering antipyretics
Removing unnecessary clothing
Monitoring temperature
Encouraging extra fluids
how much acetaminophen
10-15 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours
not to exceed 5 doses in 24 hours
how much ibuprophen
4-10 mg/kg/dose every 6-8 hours
not to exceed 40 mg/kg daily
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the presence of infection
sepsis
who is at a high risk for sepsis?
infants (perinatal through first year)
what else increases infants risk for sepsis
low birth weight
multiple invasive procedures
sepsis risk for older infants and children increases in presence of:
Chronic conditions Burns Invasive catheters Compromised immune system Long-term antibiotic use
Common causative microorganisms of sepsis
Group B streptococcus
E. coli
Haemophilus influenza
Staphylococcus
Pathophysiology of sepsis leads to:
impeded blood flow
leaking capillaries
vasodilation and constriction
impeded blood flow leads to?
reduced delivery of oxygen & nutrients
leaking capillaries leads to?
peripheral edema & fluid accumulation in lungs
vasodilation and contraction results in?
hypoxia & organ dysfunction
Early signs of sepsis in children
Fever or hypothermia
Tachycardia, tachypnea
Bounding pulses
Warm extremities
Altered responsiveness
late signs of sepsis in children
Hypotension
Prolonged capillary refill time
Mottled cool extremities
Weak pulses
Progressive mental changes
Decreasing urine output
Fever or hypothermia
Clinical therapy of sepsis focuses on
organ preservation
how do they focus on organ preservation
Oxygen
Aggressive fluid resuscitation
Vasopressor medications
Antibiotics
Cardiovascular monitoring
Temperature regulation
newborn skin
thin
little subQ fat
infants skin
more water
loosely attached cells
adolescent’s skin
thickens
cells tightly bound
eccrine and apocrine glands mature
ex of dermatitis
atopic
contact
diaper
seborrheic
bacterial infections
impetigo
cellulitis
fungal infections
tinea infections
thrush
an acute inflammation of the dermis and underlying connective tissue characterized by red or lilac, tender, warm, edematous skin
cellulitis
etiology of cellulitis
trauma,
impetigo,
folliculitis,
or recent otitis media
Viral infections
Molluscum contagiosum
Warts
Infestations
Pediculosis capitis
Scabies
Initial response to injury
inflammation