RESEARCH EXAM 2 Flashcards
o In a retrospective correlational design
o An outcome in the present (depression) is linked to a hypothesized cause occurring in the past (having had a miscarriage)
retrospective designs
o One retrospective design is a
case-control design
o In which “cases” (those with lung cancer) are compared to “controls” (those without lung cancer) on prior potential causes (smoking habits)
retrospective designs
retrospective designs look
back in time
prospective designs look
forward
o A potential cause in the present (experiencing v.s. not experiencing a miscarriage) is linked to a hypothesized later outcome (depression 6 months later)
prospective designs
prospective designs are called what by medical researchers
cohort study
o Prospective designs are stronger than ____ _____ in supporting causal interferences—but neither is as strong as experimental designs
retrospective designs
o Not all research is
cause probing
o Some research is descriptive (ascertaining the prevalence of a health problem)
descriptive research
the purpose of descriptive correlational
describe whether variables are related
do descriptive correlational research studies ascribe a cause & effect connection?
NO
disadvantages of non experimental research
o Cannot show causation with assurance
o Prone to faulty interpretation because researchers work with preexisting groups that have formed through self-selection (selection bias)
o Results should be interpreted cautiously, especially if the research has no theoretical basis
data are collected at a single point in time
cross-sectional design
data are collected two or more times over an extended period
longitudinal design
