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6TH SEMESTER > RESEARCH EXAM 2 VOCAB ONLY > Flashcards

RESEARCH EXAM 2 VOCAB ONLY Flashcards

1
Q

o Protection of participants’ confidentiality such that even the researcher cannot link individuals with the data they provided

A

ANONYMITY

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2
Q

o The affirmative agreement of member of a vulnerable group (children) to participate in a study

A

assent

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3
Q

o Provided a model for many guidelines adopted by disciplinary organizations in the United States

A

belmont report

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4
Q

o An ethical principle that seeks to maximize benefits for study participants, and prevent harm

A

beneficence

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5
Q

o Allows researchers to refuse to disclose information on study participants in any civil, criminal, administrative, or legislative proceeding

A

ϖ Certificate of Confidentiality

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6
Q

o The fundamental ethical principles established by a discipline or institution to guide researchers’ conduct in research with human (or animal) study participants

A

code of ethics

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7
Q

o Document signed by participants that includes information about the study purpose, specific expectations regarding participation, the voluntary nature of participation, and potential costs and benefits

A

consent form

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8
Q

o Is a pledge that any information participants provide will not be publicly reported in a manner that identifies them and will not be made accessible to others

A

confidentiality

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9
Q

o Sessions following data collection so that participants can ask questions or air complaints

A

debriefing

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10
Q

o A situation in which the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements of a study

A

ethical dilemma

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11
Q

o Means that the researcher has fully described the study, the persons right to refuse participation, and possible risk and benefits

A

full disclosure

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12
Q

o The return of a completed questionnaire reflects the person’s voluntary consent to participate

A

implied consent

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13
Q

o Means that participants have adequate information about the study, comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily

A

informed consent

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14
Q

o In the United States, a group of people affiliated with an institution who convene to review proposed and ongoing studies with respect to ethical considerations

A

institutional review board (IRB)

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15
Q

o Is a risk expected to be no greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine tests or procedures

A

minimal risk

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16
Q

o Consent is continuously renegotiated – QUALITATIVE

A

process consent

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17
Q

o Is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, conducting, or reviewing research, or in reporting results

A

research misconduct

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18
Q

o Designed to evaluate whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the cost, be they financial, physical, emotional, or social

A

risk/benefit assessment

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19
Q

o Generous monetary incentive

A

stipend

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20
Q

o Special groups of people whose rights in studies need special protection because of their inability to provide meaningful informed consent or because their circumstances place them at higher than average risk of adverse effects (children, unconscious)

A

vulnerable population

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21
Q

o The framework in a study that has its roots in a specified conceptual model

A

conceptual framework

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22
Q

o A schematic representation of a theory or conceptual model that graphically represents key concepts and linkages among them

A

conceptual map

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23
Q

o Interrelated concepts or abstractions assembled together in a rational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common theme – sometimes called conceptual framework

A

conceptual model

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24
Q

o A broad characterization that thoroughly accounts for a phenomenon

A

descriptive theory

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25
Q

o The conceptual underpinnings of a study (theoretical framework in a theory based study) or (conceptual framework in studies based on a specific conceptual model

A

framework

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26
Q

o A theory that focuses on a limited piece of reality or human experience, involving a selected number of concepts (theory of stress)

A

middle-range theory

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27
Q

o A symbolic representation of concepts or variables and interrelationships among them

A

model

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28
Q

o Or conceptual maps visually represent relationships among phenomena and are used in both QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE

A

schematic model

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29
Q

o A framework where the study based on a theory

A

theoretical framework

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30
Q

o An abstract generalization that presents a systemic explanation about relationships among phenomena

A

theory

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31
Q

is what would happen to people if they were exposed to a causal influence & were simultaneously not exposed to it

A

counterfactual

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32
Q

treatment

A

intervention

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33
Q

involves observation of the outcome (mood) at two points in time: before & after the intervention.

A

pretest-posttest design

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34
Q

refers to a group of participants whose performance on an outcome variable is used to evaluate the performance of the experimental group

A

control group

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35
Q

the group getting the intervention

A

experimental group

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36
Q

the most basic experimental design involves randomizing people to different groups and then measuring the outcome. this design is sometimes called:

A

posttest-only design

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37
Q

pretest data AKA

A

baseline data

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38
Q

involves exposing people to more than one treatment.

A

crossover design

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39
Q

pseudointervention presumed to have no therapeutic value, which is also called an attention control condition

A

placebo

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40
Q

called trials without randomization in the medical literature.

A

quasi-experiments

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41
Q

quasi-experiements lack

A

randomization

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42
Q

a frequently used quasi-experimental design which involvs comparing two or more groups of people before & after implementing an intervention.

A

non equivalent control group pretest-posttest design

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43
Q

involves collecting data over an extended period of time, and introducing the treatment during that period

A

time-series design

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44
Q

when researchers do not intervene by controlling the independent variable, the study is called?

A

non-experimental

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45
Q

non experimental study AKA

A

observational

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46
Q

when researchers study the effect of a cause they cannot manipulate, they design ____ ____.

A

correlational studies.

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47
Q

examine RELATIONSHIPS between variables

A

correlational studies.

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48
Q

is an interrelationship or association between two variables, that is, a tendency for variation in one variable to be related to variation in another

A

correlation

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49
Q

observational studies with a cohort design start with what and end with what?

A

presumed cause & presumed effect

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50
Q

cohort aka

A

prospective design

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51
Q

an effect (outcome) observed in the present is linked to a potential cause occurring in the past.

A

retrospective correlational studies

52
Q

used in retrospective correlational studies.

CASES with certain conditions, such as lung cancer, are compared to CONTROLS without

A

case-control design

53
Q

a second broad class of non experimental studies is?

A

descriptive research

54
Q

the purpose is to describe and document aspects of a situation.

A

descriptive research

55
Q

researchers seek to describe relationships among variables, without attemptingt to infer causal connections

A

descriptive CORRELATIONAL

56
Q

disadvantage of correlational studies.

aka selection bias

A

self-selection

57
Q

data are collected at one point in time or multiple time in a short time period, such as 1 and 2 hours postoperatively.

A

cross-sectional designs

58
Q

involve collecting data multiple times over an extended period.

A

longitudinal designs

59
Q

in which only people who are similar with respect to confounding variables are included in the study.

A

homogeneity

60
Q

which involves consciously forming comparable groups

A

matching

61
Q

is the most effective method of controlling participants’ characteristics

A

randomization

62
Q

a criterion for establishing causality is showing that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

A

statistical conclusion validity

63
Q

refers to the capacity to detect true relationships

A

statistical power

64
Q

is the extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is truly causing the outcome

A

internal validity

65
Q

with quasi-experiements & correlational studies, there are competing explanations, which are sometimes called?

A

threats to internal validity

66
Q

reflects biases stemming from preexisting differences between groups.

A

selection threat

67
Q

is the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can affect the outcome.

A

history threat

68
Q

arises from processes occurring as a result of time rather than the independent variable

A

maturation threat

69
Q

is the threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared

A

mortality

70
Q

is the threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared

A

mortality

71
Q

concerns inferences about whether relationships found for study participants might hold true for different people, conditions, and settings.

A

external validity

72
Q

involves inferences from the particulars of the study to the higher-order constructs they are intended to represent.

A

construct validity

73
Q

is the entire group of interest

A

population

74
Q

is the entire population in which a researcher is interested

A

target population

75
Q

is the portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher

A

accessible population

76
Q

involves selecting a portion of the population to represent the population

A

sampling

77
Q

is a subset of population elements

A

sample

78
Q

is one whose characteristics closely approximate those of the population

A

representative sample

79
Q

is the systematic overrepresentation or underrepresentation of some segment of the population in terms of key characteristics

A

sampling bias

80
Q

populations consist of subpopulations or ____.

A

strata

81
Q

in this sampling method they select elements by nonrandom methods in which every element usually does not have a chance to be included.

A

nonprobability sampling

82
Q

entails selecting the most conveniently available people as participants.

A

convenience sampling

83
Q

in _______ ________ researchers identify population strata and figure out how many people are needed from each stratum.

A

quota sampling

84
Q

is a non probability sampling method that involves recruiting all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval, or for a specific ample size

A

consecutive sampling

85
Q

based on the belief that researchers’ knowledge about the population can be used to hand-pick sample members

A

purposive sampling

86
Q

involves random selection of elements from a population.

A

probability sampling

87
Q

is the most basic probability sampling.

researchers establish a sampling frame, thee technical name for the list of population elements.

A

simple random sampling

88
Q

the goal is the enhance representativeness.

A

stratified random sampling

89
Q

involves the selection of every kth case from a list, such as every 10th person on a patient list.

A

systematic sampling

90
Q

the number of study participants

A

sample size

91
Q

researchers can estimate how large their samples should be for testing their research hypothesis through _____ ____.

A

power analysis

92
Q

are participants responses to questions posed by the researcher

A

self-report

93
Q

is a device that assigns a numeric score to people along a continuum, like a scale for measuring weight

A

scale

94
Q

consists of several declarative statements that express a viewpoint on a topic

A

Likert scale

95
Q

examples of response set biases:

A

social desirability response set bias

extreme response set bias

acquiescence response set bias

96
Q

a tendency to misrepresent attitudes or traits by giving answers that are consistent with prevailing social views

A

social desirability response set bias

97
Q

a tendency to consistently express extreme attitudes or feelings, leading to distortions because extreme responses may be unrelated to the trait being measured

A

extreme response set bias

98
Q

a tendency to agree with statements regardless of heir content by some people. (YEA-SAYERS)

A

Acquiescence response set bias

99
Q

researchers don’t always tell people they are being observed, because awareness of being observed may cause people to behave atypically.

A

concealment

100
Q

four major levels of measurement

A

nominal measurement
ordinal
interval
ratio

101
Q

the lowest level, involved using numbers simply to categorize attributes.

A

nominal measurements

102
Q

ex of nominal measurements

A

gender & blood type

103
Q

ranks people based on relative standing on an attribute.

A

ordinal measurement

104
Q

ex of ordinal measurements

A

ADLs

105
Q

occurs when researchers can rank people on an attribute and specify the distance between them.

A

interval measurement

106
Q

ex of interval measurement

A

IQ test

107
Q

the highest level. have a meaningful ZERO and thus provide info about the absolute magnitude of the attribute.

A

ratio measurement

108
Q

ex of ratio measurement

A

weight

109
Q

the difference between true & obtained scores is the result of distorting factors

A

error of measurement

110
Q

the consistency with which an instrument measures the attribute.

A

reliability

111
Q

the degree to which similar results are obtained on separate occasions

A

stability

112
Q

stability is assessed through the?

A

test-retest reliability

113
Q

a numeric index that quantifies an instrument’s reliability, to assess objectively how small the differences are

A

reliability coefficient

114
Q

this approach is the best way to assess an important source of measurement error in scales, the sampling of items.

A

internally consistent

115
Q

how is internal consistency evaluated?

A

coefficient alpha (cronbach’s alpha)

116
Q

normal range for chronbach’s alpha

A

.00- +1.00

117
Q

procedure which involves having two or more observers or coders make independent observations.

A

interrater (interobserver reliability)

118
Q

the degree to which it measures what is supposed to measure

A

validity

119
Q

concerns the degree to which an instrument has an appropriate sample of items for the construct being measured

A

content validity

120
Q

researchers can calculate a ___ ____ ____ (CVI) that indicates the extent of expert agreement

A

content validity index

121
Q

we suggest a CVI value of ____

A

.90

122
Q

researchers examine the relationship between scores on an instrument and an external criterion.

A

criterion related validity

123
Q

computed by using a mathematic formula that correlates the two scores

A

validity coefficient

124
Q

is the ability of a measure to correctly identify a “case,” that is, to correctly screen in or diagnose a condition

A

sensitivity

125
Q

is the measures ability to correctly identify noncases, that is, to screen out those without the condition

A

specificity

6TH SEMESTER (22 decks)

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