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Psych 10 > Modules 46-48 > Flashcards

Modules 46-48 Flashcards

1
Q

Is an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

personality

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2
Q

behavior is dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mind

A

psychodynamic/psychoanalysis theories

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3
Q

Focus on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

A

humanistic approach (Carl Rogers)

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4
Q

Examine characteristic patterns of behavior

A

trait theories

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5
Q

Explore interaction between traits and social context

A

social-cognitive theories

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6
Q
  • Observed patients whose disorders and/or distress had no clear physical explanations
  • Concluded their problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the unconscious mind
A

Freud

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7
Q

Psychologists have used an – image to illustrate Freud’s idea that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface

A

iceberg

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8
Q

id is totally –

A

unconscious

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9
Q

T/F: ego and superego operate both consciously and unconsciously.

A

true

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10
Q

Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg; however, the id, ego, and superego –

A

interact

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11
Q

first theory of personality

A

Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure

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12
Q

operates off the pleasure principle (gimme me now)

babies

A

id

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13
Q

operates off our morality principle (everything is wrong, fun = wrong)

A

superego

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14
Q

operates off the reality principle (middle ground), communicates with the id and superego

A

ego

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15
Q

devil

A

id

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16
Q

angel

A

superego

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17
Q

mostly conscious; makes peace between id and superego

A

ego

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18
Q

id is – energy

A

unconscious

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19
Q

internalized ideals

A

superego

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20
Q

outside awareness but accessible

A

preconscious

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21
Q

Operates on pleasure principle; unconsciously strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress

A

id

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22
Q

Operates on reality principle; seeks to realistically gratify id’s impulses to bring long-term pleasure; contains perceptions, thoughts, judgments and memories

A

ego

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23
Q

Focuses on ideal behavior; strives for perfections; acts as moral conscious

A

superego

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24
Q

Pleasure centers on the mouth— sucking, biting, chewing

A

oral (0-18 months)

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25
Q

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

A

anal (18-36 months)

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26
Q

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

A

phallic (3-6 years)

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27
Q

A phase of dormant sexual feelings

A

latency (6 to puberty)

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28
Q

maturation of sexual interests

A

genital (puberty on)

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29
Q

Ego protects itself with tactics that reduce and redirect anxiety by – (defense mechanisms).

A

reality distortion

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30
Q

Defense mechanisms function – and indirectly.

A

unconsciously

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31
Q

stuck in a stage is called

A

fixation

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32
Q
  • Faced with a mild stressor, children and young orangutans seek from their caregivers.
  • Freud might have interpreted these behaviors as –, a retreat to an earlier developmental stage.
A

regression

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33
Q

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

A

regression

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34
Q

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

A

reaction formation

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35
Q

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

A

projection

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36
Q

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

A

rationalization

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37
Q

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person.

A

displacement

38
Q

defense mechanisms can cause problems when used –

A

too often

39
Q

in denial is an example of

A

defense mechanism

40
Q

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.

A

denial

41
Q

Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness.

A

reaction formation

42
Q

“The thief thinks everyone else is a thief”

A

projection

43
Q

A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends “just to be sociable.”

A

rationalization

44
Q

A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room.

A

displacement

45
Q

Freud believed that –, the basic mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing impulses, enables other defense mechanisms

A

repression

46
Q

smooching

A

repression

47
Q

Neo-Freudians accepted many of Freud’s ideas but placed more emphasis on – and on social motives than sexual or aggression related ones

A

conscious mind

48
Q

Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics and reveal unconscious motives

A

projective test

49
Q

Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes (black and white cards)

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

50
Q

Seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots; attempts to address low reliability and validity in most areas addressed with research-based, computer-aided tool (Most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots)

A

Rorschach inkblot test

51
Q

Many research psychologists now think of the unconscious as information processing that occurs –

A

without awareness

52
Q

– involves schemas, priming, right-hemisphere activity, implicit
memories, emotions, and stereotypes

A

unconsciousness

53
Q

Research supports two of Freud’s defense mechanisms:

A

reaction formation and projection

54
Q

– focused on potential for healthy personal growth and people’s striving for self- determination and self- realization

A

Maslow

55
Q

– posited that growth-promoting environment characteristics are genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

A

Roger

56
Q

– see personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior

A

trait theorists

57
Q

trait theorists – differences rather than trying to explain them

A

describe

58
Q

trait theorists use – to identify clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together to tap basic components of intelligence

A

factor analysis

59
Q

trait theorists suggest – predispositions influence many traits

A

genetic

60
Q

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – and emotionality factors inevitably emerged as basic personality dimensions

A

extraversion

61
Q

Brain-activity scans of extroverts indicate they seek stimulation because normal brain arousal is relatively –.

A

low

62
Q

Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be – in extroverts.

A

higher

63
Q

Introversion is often misunderstood as shyness, but introverted people often simply seek – levels of stimulation from their environment.

A

low

64
Q
  • Questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
  • Test items empirically derived, and tests objectively scored
A

personality inventory (MMPI; Eysenck)

65
Q

Big Five personality factors

A

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

66
Q

Behavior is influenced by the interaction of our – with our environment.

A

inner disposition

67
Q

In general, personality traits are – and socially significant.

A

stable

68
Q

Personality traits are – of mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment.

A

predictors

69
Q

Consistency of specific behaviors from one situation to another is –; average behaviors are predictable

A

weak

70
Q

At any moment the – situation powerfully influences a person’s behavior.

A

immediate

71
Q
  • Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context
  • Emphasizes interaction of our traits with our situations
  • Applies principles of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality
A

Social-cognitive perspective (Bandura)

72
Q

Big Five Research Questions?

How – and – are these traits?

A

stable and heritable

73
Q

Big Five Research Questions?

Do traits reflect differing –?

A

brain structure

74
Q

Big Five Research Questions?

Have these traits – over time?

A

changed

75
Q

Big Five Research Questions?

How well do these traits apply to various –?

A

cultures

76
Q

Big Five Research Questions?

Do the Big Five traits predict our – behaviors?

A

actual

77
Q

Describes interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental factors

A

reciprocal determinism

78
Q

Interaction of individuals and environments: Internal personal factors
Different people choose different –

A

environment

79
Q

Interaction of individuals and environments: Internal personal factors
– shape how people interpret and react to events

A

personalities

80
Q

Interaction of individuals and environments: Internal personal factors
personalities help create – to which people react

A

situations

81
Q

our feeling of self-worth

A

self-esteem

82
Q

our sense of competence on a task

A

self-efficacy

83
Q

– self-esteem correlates with less pressure to conform, with persistence at difficult tasks, and with happiness (but the direction of correlation is not clear)

A

high

84
Q

Excessive optimism may lead to – and may prevent recognition of real risks

A

complacency

85
Q

excessive optimism may be – when dealing with temptations

A

self-defeating

86
Q

excessive optimism may be directed toward group

A

illusionary optimism

87
Q
  • Involves a readiness to perceive self favorably
  • Suggests people accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failure
  • Often creates a better-than-average effect
  • May underlie a range of conflicts
A

self-serving bias

88
Q

is fragile, threatened by failure and criticism, and more vulnerable to perceived threats which feed anger and feelings of vulnerability.

A

defensive self-esteem

89
Q

is less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, and more likely to achieve a greater quality of life.

A

secure self-esteem

90
Q

self-actualizing person

A

Maslow

91
Q

person-centered perspective

A

Rogers

92
Q

T/F: Researchers use self-report inventories and peer reports to assess and score the Big Five personality factors.

A

true

Psych 10 (22 decks)

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