5.1 Historical context of medicine in the early 20th century

Question 1

By people begining to understand infections more what did they move towards surgery wise

Answer 1

Aseptic surgery

Question 2

What was used and by who to prevent infections in surgery and when

Answer 2

Carbolic acid by Joeseph lister 1865, from pastures work on germ theory

Question 3

What were some features of aseptic surgery

Answer 3

• Med staff washing hands, face and arms before entering the operating theatre
• Rubber gloves warn decreases the rate of infection in 1890s
• Use of steam sterilisation for medical instruments - autoclave machine invented in 1881
• Air sterilisation being pumped over the heating system to kill germs

By late 1890s listers methods of aseptic surgery

Question 4

Development of Xrays who developed them and when

Answer 4

Wilhelm roentgen in 1895

Question 5

How did the development of xrays occour

Answer 5

roentgen was experementing passing a current through a glass rod eith a piece of blak paper over it. he noticed a screen about a metre away had began to glow he called these X rays

Question 6

What further experiments did he carry out to do with X- rays

Answer 6

Rays could penetrate many objects
- held lead in front of the tube and was able to see his flesh growing around his bones.

• Placed photographic paper between the tube and his bones and witnessed the first X-ray photo.
• When he tried this on his wife’s hand, you could see the bones and the wedding ring on her hand- he immediately understood the importance of this.

Question 7

How did he discover the importance of X-Rays

Answer 7

• When he tried this on his wife’s hand, you could see the bones and the wedding ring on her hand- he immediately understood the importance of this.

Question 8

What were X- rays origanaly called and why did they change

Answer 8

Og - roentgen rays

Question 9

When and why were they first used

Answer 9

First used in 1896 glasgow royal infermery

Question 10

What happened at birminham genral hospital and who used them

Answer 10

Dr John Edwards hall one of the first doctors to make a diagnosis based on a patients x ray (needle in a womens hand)

Question 11

What were so of the problems with the X-Rays (4)

Answer 11

1- Health risks were not understood, loss of hair, burns to the skin, 1,500x more radiation was released
2- Very fragile
3-Took a lot of time to produce an image
4- Larger ones were being developed but hard to move around.

Question 12

why was there a need for Storage and development of blood transfusions

Answer 12

• Many patients were dying to blood loss due to complex surgeries
• Aseptic surgeryand xrays developed so blood loss was the only thing preventing complex surgeries from taking place safley

Question 13

Who was James blundell

Answer 13

First human to complete a blood transfusion in 1818 to help women who had lost blood after giving birth.

Question 14

How did blood transfusions take place

Answer 14

Needed to be physicaly connected by a tube

Question 15

What were the Problems of Blood transfusions

Answer 15

• Blood clots as soon as it leaves the body (attempts of the use of sodium bicarbonate)
• Tubes connecting from one person to the other would (often be blocked up due to clots)

-Reject the blood due to different types. ( 1901, an Australian doctor discovered 3 different blood A,B,O

-Danger of infection from unsterilised infection
(Aseptic surgery methors later solved this in hospitals by early 20th century)