History Elizebeth 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What was social Hyararchy
A
- A social structure that influenced how much respect and admiration you had.
2
Q
Describe the social hierarchy of Elizabethan England
A
- Top
- God
- Monarch
-Nobility - Gentry
- Yeomen (land owning farmers)
- Tennent farmers
- landless labouring poor
- homeless
3
Q
Social hyararchy of the town in elizebethan england
A
- Merchants (property owners)
- professionals (lawyers or clergy)
- business owners (Black smiths, skilled crafts men, unemployed others)
- Skilled craftsmen
-Unskilled workers and the unemployed
4
Q
What was the key features of the Court
A
- Made up of people who lived with or near the monarch, Nobility and Monarchs
- Servants and people close and friends to the monarch
- Needed the monarch’s permission to attend the court
5
Q
Role of the Court
A
- advise the monarch
- had no power or control over the monarch
- public display of wealth and power.
6
Q
Key features of the Privy council
A
- Made up of 19 Members, chosen by the monarch
- Very serious government officials, leading advisers.
- They met 3 times a week with the queen
7
Q
Role of the privy council
A
- Advise the monarch
-The monarch’s decisions were final - Debate current issues
- Monitored parliament and Justices of the peace.
8
Q
Key features of parliament
A
- House of commons and house of lords
- Called and dismissed by the monarch
- People could vote but only very few could
- Elizabeth only called her parliament 10 x during her reign
9
Q
Role of parlement
A
- Grant extra taxes
- advise the monarch
- Pass laws
10
Q
Lord Lieutenant’s Key features
A
- Keep order and support for the monarch and maintain England’s defences
- Each county had one, usually they also sat on the Privy Council and member of the nobility
11
Q
Lourd lutenients role
A
- Helped to support the overseas defences
- Part of the local government
- Maintains and raises military of the local people in emergency situations
12
Q
Justices of the peace key features
A
- Large landowners
- popular job (position of status)
- reported to the privy council
- Unpaid work
- Kept the law and order amongst the local areas
13
Q
Justices of the peace role
A
- part of the local government
- heard severe court cases
once every 3 months - social and economic policies were carried out.
14
Q
Role of the monarch
A
- Declaire wars
- call and dismiss parlement (reject ny laws they votes for)
- Grant titles ( give money and support) - THE PATRONAGE
- Could rule in some legal cases- where people appealed or the law was unclear.
15
Q
Secutary of state
A
- Most senior member of the privy council
WILLLIAM CECIL TILL 1573 - Advised the crown on the most important things
- Later became lord burghley
16
Q
Why did the monarch need parliaments
A
- In order to gain the approval needed to Raise taxes ( e.g.. for war)
-Both need each other to be able to govern effectively.
-
17
Q
What was a proclamation
A
The Queens direct orders but these could not be enforced in law courts.
18
Q
What happened when acts went through parlement
A
- When acts went through parliament that had the queens backing they were rarely disagreed with as the queen could replace you easily.
19
Q
What was the royal progitive and what does it mean and what was under it.
A
Issues that only the queen could decide upon, no one else was allowed to give input
- Foiren policy
- Marriage of the Queen
- Succession and royal line.
20
Q
Why was Elizabeth’s legitimacy questioned
A
- Born out of wedlock = illegitimate
- Elizabeth was Henry VIII’s child with Anne Boylan
- Henry 8 divorced cathrine of aragon to marry anne incase the child was a by so heir to the throne but catholics do not allow divorse
Henry VIII changed the church to allow Anne to marry. - Henry declared Elizabeth illegitimate then later reversed this decision.
21
Q
When was Elizebeth born
A
7th September 1533
22
Q
When did Henry and Anne get merried
A
- 25th January 1533
23
Q
Was Catherine of Aragon still alive during the divorce
A
Yes
24
Q
Who was MQOS and what was her claim to the English throne
A
- She believed that as A catholic queen of Scotland and Henry 8ths sisters (Margret’s) Grand daughter. She was the true catholic heir as she believed that Elizabeth was illegitimate due to
- No divorce between henry 8 and Catharine
- Henry 8 originally declare her illegitimate.
25
Who was MQOS married to
-The next inline to the French throne Francis II
- He became king in 1559
26
What was the relationship between Scotland and England like
- Enemies difficult to defend against due to the borders and there were constant riots and lootings.
27
Who held Calais in 1347
England held iit and used it as a military base and key trade port untill they lost it in 1559
28
What was the challenge to the Puritans from the religious settlement
The Church of England due to the Bishops and the high figures in the church that the Puritans disagreed with
29
What did the Puritans so about the religious settlement
Some of the Puritan clergymen began to ignore the settlement a they didn't agree with its beliefs
30
Why were the puritans a challenge to Elizebeths religious settlement
- Act of uniformity Elizebeth wanted one church and one set up and the puritans disobayed the religious settlement.
31
what challenges did the clergymen pose to Elizabeth's religious settlement
- They didnt like organ music and believed that it took away from the true meaning of the hyms
- The disagree with some of the holy days (This was highly unpopular with the poor) as they got the holy days of of work
THIS WAS A DIRECT CHALLENGE TO THE SUPORITY THAT THE MONARCH AND THE SUPREME GOVENER
32
What were the biggest issues that Elizebeth faced due to the church and the religious settlement
-The Crucifix controversy
- The Vestment controversy
33
What is the cruxifix
A Religious Symbol of the Christian religion for Jesus cruxifiction.
34
What was the Crucifix Controversy under Elizabeth I?
Some Protestants (especially Puritans) objected to the use of crucifixes in churches.
They saw them as Catholic symbols that were idols.
Elizabeth wanted some Catholic traditions to remain to avoid unrest, and she liked them.
Elizabeth was also afraid of the Threat of Mary Queen of Scots if she changed to much to quick.
She demanded crucifixes be kept in churches.
Some bishops threatened to resign, and she could not loose them as there were not enough in the country to replace them
so she backed down—except for the Royal Chapel.
35
what was the vestment controvercy
Some Protestant clergy refused to wear special vestments (robes) during services.
They believed vestments were too Catholic and not supported by the Bible.
- Catholics thought they were important as the Priests were men of God and had the ability to forgive sins and Grant transubstantiation.
- Protestants disagreed and believed that they should wear plain clothing.
Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement (1559) required clergy to wear traditional clothing.
36
What did Elizebeth decide and what was the solution
- The arch bishop of Canterbury (Mathew parker) issued futher guidence in his book "book of advisements" (followed Elizabeth commandments)
- He also conducted exibition in london to teach the preists how and what vestments to wear.
37
How many preists were invited to the arch bishiops exhibition and how many didnt and what happened to them.
110 invited 37 refused and had there posts taken away.
38
What happened in the end of the vestment controversy.
- Most priests consented to the Elizabeth insistence that vestments must be worn, despite opposition.
39
Why were the Crucifix and Vestments Controversies significant?
Showed Puritan resistance to Elizabeth's moderate religious policies.
Highlighted Elizabeth’s pragmatic approach: she enforced her policies, but compromised when necessary.
Revealed the challenge of keeping both Catholics and Protestants content.
Demonstrated that religious uniformity was crucial to political stability.
40
What was the papacy
The system of the church government that was rules by the pope. (the popes power)
41
What was counter reformation
A catholic Idea that was the active fight back to strengthen the catholic faith thorough supporting local communitys and persecuting heretics and encoring the waging of war on protestant countries.
42
What were the consequences of not conforming to the religious settlement
Elizabeth said that were would be consequences yet she never enforced them as she was scared of compleatly loosing all her from the Catholics and MQOSs
43
What were the punishments for replete religious settlement offenders
Fines, imprisionment, loss of job, property or life.
44
What did Elizebeth say to the authorities about the relious settlement offernders
-Not to look too deeply into the matter as she didnt want to upset people
- She didnt want to creagte martyrs
45
What are heretics
People who have controversial opinions and beliefs that are different from society
- Especially those who disobey the catholic church
46
What were recusants
People who didnt go to church
47
What fraction of people of the nobility were recusants
1/3
48
Why did some of the lords and nobility remain catholic
They prospered under the Mary 1 and were given lots of land that was then taken away and have had reduced influence in the court after Elizebeth
- From anchient families
49
Who were Elizebeths Favs
- Sir Robert Dudley
- Sir William Cecil
- protestants from nobel families
50
When was the revolt of the Northern earls
November 1569
51
Who lead the Revolt of the Northern earls
- Earl of Northumberland
- Earl of Westmorland
52
What was a key event in the revolt of the northern Earls
- The taking of Durham Cathedral and held a full Catholic Mass
53
Why did the revolt of the Northern Earls happen
- Lack of political power in a protestant society
- Reduction of influence and land
- Wanted england to return to Catholisisum
54
what happened on the 22nd Novemeber
- By the 22nd the rovolters had taken much of the pennines and as far sounth as braham moor and the north of leeds
55
What did the catholic nobility do
They didn't join them but the liked Westmorland and Northumberland and they applied to them especially (Lancashire and Cheshire) but they would not support.
56
what did the majority of the English nobels do
They remained loyal to Eliz expept for The duke of Norfolk who was Eliz distant cousin
57
How did Elizebeth respond to the Revolt of the Northern Earls
- She sent royal troops to put them down, Showing how dangerous she could be
- Marked the change in relations between Elizabeth and her catholic subjects
58
How did Elizebeth deal with the rebels
-Executed them in public to show the dangers of Catholicism and the revolts against the queen
59
Was the revolt of the Northern Earls a win for Elizebth
-Yes Majorly as it provided fear of anther revolt for the catholic subjects
60
What religion were most of the forien powers
_ give examples
catholic - FRANCE , SCOTTLAND, SPAIN , THE NETHERLANDS AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
61
Why was Europe a threat
-THEY WERE CATHOLIC AND DETERMINED TO PROTECT THERE FAITH FROM OTHERS (PROTESTANT NATIONS)
62
What was happening in France in 1562
A religious war
63
How was Elizebth 1 involed in the French conflicts in 1562
- She supported the French protestants in an attempt to win back calais
- She wrote to king Philip about how "troubled and perplexed" she was about the situation
64
What did Elizebeth do in 1564
- She wrote to king Philip about how "troubled and perplexed" she was about the situation
65
Did Elizebeths plan to get Calis back sucseed
- No she just angered the french
66
How did the religious conflict in france end in 1562
The protestants and the catholic made peace
67
What did Elizebeth have to sign in 1564 and what was it?
The treaty of Troyes
- It said the Calis will now belong to France forever
68
What did Elizebeth manage to achive in 1562 in france
- Nothing she forever lost Calis and angered King Philip of Spain by supporting protestant rebels
69
Who did the Netheralnds belong to in the 16th centry
- King philip of Spain
70
What did Philip think of Elizabeth
-DIDNT LIKE THE PROTESTANTISUM AND DINDTN LIKE ELIZEBETHS ENVOLVEMENT IN THE FRENCH REBELS
- proposed to her after Mary died as he values the alliance between Spain and England
(Elizabeth didn't except)
71
What did king philip do in 1563 that effected England
- he banned the import of English cloth and he believed that the cloth merchants would spread Protestantism
72
How did Elizebeth retaliate the stop of the import of the spanish cloth
- She put a trade embargo on between her and the netherlands
73
How did the trade embargo effect both countries
majorly both economicaly suffered and it only lasted 1 year to to the damages
74
Why was Elizebeth conserned about Spain
- Both catholic
-Feared an alliance against her between 2 strong Cathoic Nations
75
What happened to Elizebeth in the1530's that caused her to be conserend about a potential uprising
Pope Paul III exvomunicated Henry 8 form the Catholic church and has asked FRANCE and SPAIN to depose him as king and put a Cathiolic on the throne post Reformation
76
What caused the Duch revolt in 1550
- Growing unhappiness with the people about the Spanish interference (they wanted to govern themselves)
- Phillip decided to form a new government in the Netherlands and bring in the Spanish inquisition.
(UNITED BOTH PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS AGAINST SPAIN)
77
When was the Dutch revolt
1566
78
What did Philip do about the revolt
In 1567 he sent the Duke o Alba to the Netherlands with 100,000 soldiers to the Netherlands and by 1568 the revolt was put down
79
What did the Duke of Alba do when he gained control
- Established the council of troubles which as nicknames the council of blood by the people
80
What was the council of troubles (blood)
- It enforced Catholicism and obedience to the Spanish crown
- It was made up of Loyal Dutch nobles and Spanish officials
- It didn't follow the countries law and practices and condemned thousands of protestants who acted violently against Catholicism.
81
What did the council of troubles (blood) cause
- thousands of protestant fleeing to England (10,000)
82
Why was Elizebeth concerned with the council of troubles
- Large army vs Protestantisum close to England worried Cecil
- Elizebeth didnt want to be seen as the leading protestant monarch in Europe, to avoid war with Spain and or France
83
What did Elizabeth openly say about the PROTESTANT Dutch rebels
- Openly condemned them yet still accepted them into England
84
What was the belife about spain in england and in Eliz Privy council
That Spain openly wants to destroy Protestantism and therefore countries that support it too.
85
Why was Elizabeth under international pressure in 1568?
- Needed to do something about the Netherlands and the open Condemning of the protestants
- Wants to avoid war at all costs as she was broke.
- She also didn't want to spark a civil war religious if she went to war with Spain over religion.
86
What did Elizabeth do to help the Dutch protestants
-1567 - She sheltered the sea beggars who attacked the Spanish ships - in English harbours
87
What was the Genoese Loan (1568) and why was it important?
The Genoese Loan was a shipment of £85,000 in gold intended as a loan from Genoese bankers to Spain to fund albas troops in the Netherlands.
The gold was temporarily stored in English ports.
Elizabeth seized the gold, claiming it had not officially been delivered and the bankers could lend to her instead.
This act angered Philip II, who retaliated by seizing English ships.
Elizabeth responded doing the same, worsening relations and helping lead to eventual war.
88
What was Elizabeth I trying to achieve in her foreign policy in 1568–69?
Elizabeth wanted to protect English Protestant interests and weaken Spain without going to war.
- She hoped to make Spain’s hold on the Netherlands too difficult to maintain, encouraging them to leave so the Dutch could govern themselves.
89
Why did Elizabeth’s actions in the Netherlands become more dangerous after 1568?
Two events increased the Catholic threat:
Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England with a strong Catholic claim to the throne.
The Revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569 aimed to replace Elizabeth with Mary and showed potential for Spanish military support in England.
- Although Philip didn't support it there was talk of Albas troops landing in Hartlepool to support it.
- Due to the advancements of the plot it had taught the pope and king Philip to back further plots.
90
What was the treaty of Edinburgh
- Mary QOS would give up her claim to the English throne
-She could return back to Scotland after the unexpected death of her husband in December 1560 but the country would be controlled by the protestant lords in the Goverment.
91
What did Elizebeth do in 1560
She supported Scottish protestant lords to help over throw MQOS mother Mary of guise.
-Elizebeth sent money first then troops
92
Why did Elizabeth support the Scottish Protestant rebellion
- She wanted a protestant anti French Government on the throne in MQOS was Queen then Scotland and France (MQOS HUSBAND KING FRANCIS II) could invade and overthrow Elizabeth to put MQOS on the English throne.
- William Cecil also threatened to resign is Elizbeth did not support
93
Why was Elizebeth hesitant to support the socttish rebelion in 1560
- She was scared to overthrow and anointed monarch
94
What did MQOS think of the treaty of Edinburg
She dint like it and never approved it she wanted Elizabeth to name her as her heir.
95
what did Elizebeth think about Marys proposal in 1560 TOE
- She had no intention of naming an heir and defiantly didn't want to name her as she would cause civil war in England over the controversy.
96
When was Mary Queen of Scotts arrival in England
1568
97
What caused The Scottish protestant lords to rebel again
- Marys marriage to Earl of Bothwell shortly after Darnelys murder (seen as her admition if guilt)
98
What did the scottish rebels cause mary to do
- Abdicate and imprisoned her on an Island in a Loch
99
What happened to Mary in 1568
- She escaped form the loch and raised an army to but this was defeated so she fled to England seeking Elizabeth help
100
What were the options Elizebeth had when it came to Mary (none of which were good)
-1 -Help her to regain her throne
- 2 Hand her back to the Scottish
- 3 - Allow her to go abroad
- 4 keep her in England
101
Why was Elizebeth conserned about what to do
- She didnt approve of her subjects overhtrowing ther monarch
- She didnt want to harm an anointed monacrch
- she was aware of the threat MQOS posed ot E throne
102
103
What did elizebth do
-held her in confort until she desided what to do
104
What did Mary request when she was brought to england
- She wanted to speak to the queen in order to prove to her that she didn't Murder Darnley
( ELIZEBETH DENIED THIS REQUEST)
105
What did Elizebeth deside
- A court should try Mary for her crimes
106
When did the court try MQOS for the Murder of Darnley
October 1568- January 1569
107
Did Mary like the idea of a trial
- No she thought that the court had no right to try her as she was an appointed monarch and she would not plea untill she new that the she was found innocent
108
Was Mary found guilty or not guilty
The court was found inconclusive and MQOS remained in captivity in England
109
What would have happened if she was found guilty
return to Scotish lords and killed Elizabeth would have had a part in the murder of an anointed monarch,
110
What would have happened is Mary queen of scotts was found innocent
- Free to raise an army and take the English throne
111
What caused the plot and rebelion in 1569
- The court hatched a plan to ensure the succession and not a civil war.
112
What was the plan in 1569 that Elizebeths court cam up with to ensure the line of sucsesssion
- Marry MQOS to he English Duke of Norfolk senior noble man so had a strong claim to the throne (protestant so any children would be too)
- Mary liked it and agreed
113
What caused the plots downfall in 1569 (the revolt of the Northern earls)
Earl of Leicester was involved (one of Elizabeth's favourites) he went against the plan and told Elizbeth she shut it down immediately
114
What did Elizebeth do in responce to the plan hatched against her by her won court (the revolt of the northern Earls)
- Moved MQOS to Coventry - She refused to take any strong action against Mary queen of Scots.
