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Bio 131 > 5.6-5.17 > Flashcards

5.6-5.17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg).

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2
Q

Life cycle

A

Stages leading from adults of one generation to adults of the next.

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3
Q

Zygote

A

Single original cell after 23 chromosomes from moms egg combine with 23 chromosomes from dads sperm.

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4
Q

Haploid

A

single set of chromosomes within each gamete.

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5
Q

Diploid

A

Two sets of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells other than reproductive gametes. Human somatic cells are diploid, just like most other animals.

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7
Q

Karyotype

A

photographic inventory of the chromosomes in one person’s cells.

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8
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a matching pair, carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics.

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9
Q

46 chromosomes come in how many sets of homologous chromosomes.

A

23

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10
Q

Mitosis results in…

A

Two identical cells.

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11
Q

Meiosis results in…

A

Four unique cells.

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

genetically unique gametes with half the number of chromosomes (haploid cells) only sexual reproduction.

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13
Q

Which has two rounds of cell divison, Meiosis or Mitosis?

A

Meiosis.

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14
Q

Prophase 1

A

The nuclear membrane dissolves, the chromosomes condense.

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15
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Chromosomes line up by homologous pairs along the center line of the cell.

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16
Q

Anaphase 1

A

The homologous pairs of chromosomes separate, with one member of each pair heading to the opposite end of the cell.

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17
Q

Telophase 1

A

After separation, nucleus begins to reform.

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell divides into two cells.

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19
Q

Prophase 2

A

chromosomes condense.

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20
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up singly in the center of the cell

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21
Q

anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids split apart, with one copy distributed to each side of the cell.

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22
Q

Telophase 2

A

The nuclear envelopes re-form, and the chromosomes un-condense.

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23
Q

Cytokinesis 2

A

Each cell splits, producing a total of four offspring cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the starting cell.

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24
Q

Cells that become sex cells don’t start as sex cells, they start as __________.

A

Somatic Cells.

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25
Meiosis. Where? When? How? Produces?
Gonads. One diploid cell duplicates chromosomes, then splits twice to produce four haploid gametes. Two divisions, cell duplicates the chromosomes, then divides them, then divides them again. Genetically Unique haploid gametes.
26
Mitosis. Where? When? How? Produces?
All body cells except for cells that produce gametes. Throughout lifetime. One diploid cell duplicates chromosomes, then splits to produce two diploid body cells. One division, cell duplicates the chromosomes, then divides them. Genetically identical diploid cells.
27
What is the reason for genetic diversity?
Sexual reproduction.
28
Fertilization
The union of sperm and egg, produces genetically unique offspring.
29
Three ways of genetic diversity.
Independent assortment, Random fertilization, Crossing over.
30
Crossing over
When homologous chromosomes line up during meiosis, the maternal and paternal chromosomes swap pieces.
31
Which process produces hybrid chromosomes that are partially paternal and partially maternal?
Crossing over.
32
Nondisjunction? What's the result?
When chromosomes fail to separate properly during the formation of sperm in the testes or eggs in the ovaries. The result is gametes with unusual number of chromosomes.
33
Trisomy 21
A condition in which a person has three copies of chromosome 21. (total of 47 chromosomes). Most common chromosomal abnormality.
34
What's is down syndrome the result of?
A result of Trisomy 21.
35
Can an embryo survive without an X chromosome?
No.
36
Heredity
Transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
37
Genetics
Scientific study of heredity, discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century.
38
Character
Inherited feature that varies from one individual to another.
39
Traits
Two or more variations.
40
Alleles
Alternate forms of a particular gene.
41
Homozygous
When two alleles for a gene are IDENTICAL.
42
Heterozygous
When two alleles for a gene are DIFFERENT
43
Dominant Allele
The version of the gene that determines appearance.
44
Recessive Allele
Has no noticeable effect, but may be passed on to offspring.
45
Genotype
Underlying genetic make up.
46
Phenotype
An organism's physical trait.
47
Main principle of genetics is that, in combination with the environment, ______ causes _______ through the action of genes.
genotype; phenotype
48
What has to happen for the dominant trait to be expressed?
at least one of the alleles has to be dominant.
49
Punnett Square
A diagram to represent a genetic cross.
50
Genetic cross
Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that result in an offspring.
51
Monohybrid Cross
A cross between two individuals who are heterzygous for one particular character being studied.
52
What allows you to predict the genetic makeup and appearance of the offspring by showing probability of each possible outcome of a sperm fertilizing an egg?
Punnett Square.
53
Law of Segregation
Two members of the pair of alleles separate during gamete formation.
54
Test Cross
A mating between an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
55
Dihybrid cross
tracks traits arising from two genes.
56
Law of independent assortment
The inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another.
57
Carriers
A heterozygous individual, with one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the disease causing allele, is said to be a carrier of the disease. Carriers doesn't have the disease, but can pass the disease causing allele along to their offspring.
58
Pedigrees
A genetic family history.
59
Incomplete Dominance
When the heterozygous condition produces an intermediate appearance.
60
Multiple Alleles
Each individual carries, at most, two different alleles for a particular gene.
61
Because there are several alleles for the gene, multiple combinations of genes and therefore multiple _______ may result.
Phenotypes.
62
Pleiotropy
When one gene influences many characters.
63
Polygenic Inheritance
The effect of many genes on a single character.
64
Linked Genes
Genes located together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. They display unique inheritance patterns.
65
Recombinant chromosomes
Result of crossing over. Hybrid chromosomes that contain parts of both original chromosomes.
66
Each sperm produced by a human male contains 22 _______ and one________.
autosomes; sex chromosomes
67
Sex linked inheritance
When human characters are controlled by a single gene located on the X chromosome.

Bio 131 (9 decks)

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