Exam 3 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Energy
A
The capacity to do work.
2
Q
Work
A
the movement of an object after the application of a force.
3
Q
All of life’s processes are driven by converting _______ from one form to another.
A
Energy.
4
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
The energy of motion.
5
Q
Potential energy
A
The energy an object has due to its location or structure.
6
Q
A child at the top of a slide has _____ energy. When the child goes down the slide, the energy is converted into _____ energy.
A
Potential; Kinetic.
7
Q
Chemical Energy
A
Potential energy that’s stored in the bonds that hold atoms together into molecules.
8
Q
The equation of photosynthesis.
A
H20 + CO2 + Sun ——-> C6H1206 + 02
9
Q
The equation of cellular respiration.
A
Photosynthesis backwards.
10
Q
Where does photosynthesis take place?
A
The organelle, Chloroplast.
11
Q
What’s the goal of photosynthesis?
A
To produce sugar.
12
Q
What’s the goal of cellular respiration?
A
To produce ATP.
13
Q
All of the chemical reactions that take place in the body.
A
Metabolism.
14
Q
What do producers do?
A
Capture solar energy and covert it to chemical energy.
15
Q
What do consumers do?
A
Obtain energy by eating producers.
16
Q
Chlorophyll
A
The primary pigment (light absorbing molecule) in chloroplasts.
17
Q
Why do plants look green?
A
Because plants reflect green.
18
Q
Where does photosynthesis happen within the cell?
A
Chloroplasts.
19
Q
Where does cellular respiration within the cell?
A
Mitochondria.
20
Q
Two stages of photosynthesis
A
Light reactions and Calvin cycle
21
Q
What do light reactions do?
A
Capture sunlight and produce high energy molecules
22
Q
What does the Calvin cycle do?
A
uses high energy molecules to produce sugar from carbon dioxide.
23
Q
Photosystems?
A
Clusters of protein and pigment molecules within the thylakoid. They contain cholorophyll which captures the energy from sunlight and begin the process that converts the energy to forms that cells can use.
24
Q
Electron transport chain
A
Series of protein molecules within inner membrane of the mitochondria.
25
Aerobic respiration? Rate of production of ATP/Glucose
Process of cellular respiration that requires oxygen.
| 30ATP/ 1 Glucose
26
Anaerobic respiration? Rate of production ATP/Glucose
Process of cellular respiration that doesn't require oxygen.
2ATP/ 1 Glucose.
27
ATP has how many phosphate groups?
3 phosphate groups.
28
ADP has how many phosphate groups?
2 phosphate groups.
29
Three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis.
The citric acid cycle.
The electron transport chain.
30
Three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis.
The citric acid cycle.
The electron transport chain.
31
Glycolysis does?
To split one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
32
Citric acid cycle does?
Breaks down pyruvic acid into CO2.
33
Fermentation ?
A process of food energy harvesting through anaerobic respiration.
34
What makes your muscles ache during exercise?
Lactic Acid.
35
Metabolism
Sum total of all the reactions that occur in your body.
36
What's the central currency of your metabolism?
ATP
37
Biogeniesis
The formation of new living organisms.
38
Early earth's extreme conditions may have bonded monomers into _____________.
Molecules.
39
In 1953, Urey and Miller demonstrated that _______ ____ can form under conditions that simulate early earth.
Organic monomers.
40
What do scientists hypothesize was the key stage in the origin of life?
The random, spontaneous formation of RNA molecules that could duplicate themselves.
41
What domains does Prokaryotes contain?
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea.
42
Endospore
Thick shelled container that protects the cell when conditions become harsh.
43
Binary Fission
The prokaryotic reproduction process.
44
Cocci
circular cells that may be found alone, in chains, or in clusters.
45
Bacilli
ROD shaped cells that may be found singly or in chains.
46
Spiral
Prokaryotes with curved or spiral shape. Often found singly.
47
What's the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes nutritionally?
Prokaryotes have greater nutritional diversity.
48
Biofilms
Organized colonies of one or several species.
49
Archaea
A type of prokaryote that survives in extremem environments.
50
These live in anaerobic environments, where they emit methane gas as a waste product of their metabolism
Methanogens.
51
Halophiles
Archaea that thrive in very salty environments.
52
Thermophiles
Archaea that live and grow in high temperature environments.
53
Nitrogen fixers
Bacteria in the soil that converts atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use.
54
Decomposers
Bacteria that break down dead organisms and return their nutrients to the environment.
55
Why's decomposition important ?
Without it, plants and animals could not survive because many needed nutrients would be permanently bound up in dead matter.
56
How are bacteria important in sewage treatment?
Microbes decompose the sludge, helping recycle the nutrients.
57
Bio remediation
The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment.
58
What was the key in the evolution of eukaryotes?
Endosymbiosis.
59
Endosymbiosis?
When one species lives inside another host species.
60
Which two eukaryotic organelles appear to have evolved from small, free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by another prokaryotic cell?
Chloroplasts and Mitohondria.
61
Protist characteristics
Evolved 2.1 bya, mostly unicellular, eukaryotic cells.
62
All eukaryotes that do not belong to the plant, animal, or fungus kingdoms.
protists
63
Protozoans
protists that obtain nutrients primarily by eating.
64
In which habitats can you find protozoans?
aquatic and moist habitats.
65
Amoebas
Single celled protists with great flexibility in their body form.
66
How do amoebas move?
pseudopodia, temporary extensions of the cell body.
67
Slime molds
Protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle.
68
What do slime molds commonly do?
Break down the bodies of dead organisms.
69
Algae
photosynthetic protists able to produce their own food from sunlight.
70
Seaweeds
large multicellular marine algae..
71
Series of steps that may have occured in the evolution of multicellularity.
Unicellular protist.
Colony.
Specialization.
Gametes.
72
What's the structure of a virus?
A nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a protein container called a capsid.
73
Capsid
A protein container that makes up the outer coat of a virus.
74
3 major parts of a virus.
Recognition spike, Capsid, Nucleic acid.
75
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
a retrovirus with an RNA genome that targets cells of the immune system.
76
A large and diverse group with over 100,000 known species.
Fungi.
77
Are fungi eukaryote or prokaryote?
Eukaryote.
78
_______ secrete enzymes into their environment that digest large biological molecules, breaking down proteins into amino acids.
Fungi
79
Fungi decompose of dead organisms and other organic material. T or F?
True
80
Roughly how many species of fungi are known to infect humans?
50.
81
Mycelium
belowground structure of a mushroom.
82
Hyphae
fibers that make up the mycelium and the mushroom.
83
Spores
sex cells that contain a single (haploid) set of chromosomes.
84
Fungi reproduce sexually when the ______ of two parents join and the haploid cells of each fuse, resulting in a zygote with diploid cells.
Hyphae.
85
A _____ is a terrestrial multicellular eukaryote that conducts photosynthesis.
Plant.
86
Charophytes
Closest living relatives of the first land plants.
87
Shoot System
Above ground photosynthetic structures exposed to light and air.
88
The symbiotic association of plant and fungi
mycorrhiza.
89
Belowground anchorage structures exposed to water and minerals in soil.
Root System.
90
Protects sperm, allowing them to be carried by wing or animals.
Pollen.
91
Remains in female reproductive organ, allowing the embryo to develop within the mother plant's body.
Egg.
92
The ____ of a plant anchor it in the soil, absorb water and minerals, transport nutrients to other parts of the plant, and store food.
Roots.
93
The _____ of a plant are the aboveground structures, including stems, leaves, and structures for reproduction, such as cones or flowers.
Shoots.
94
The ______ ____ has newly forming leaves at the tip of the stem and helps increase exposure of the plant to sunlight.
Terminal Bud.
95
A reproductive structure in the shoot system.
Flower.
96
What are the primary sites of photosynthesis in most plants?
Leaves.
97
Petiole
Joins the blade to the stem.
98
The flattened portion of the leaf.
Blade
99
_______ generally grow above the ground and support the leaves and flowers.
Stem.
100
Plant ____ work together to form tissues.
Cells
101
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Tissue.
102
An ______ consists of several types of tissue that work together to carry out a particular function.
Organ.
103
The three tissue systems.
Dermal tissue system.
Ground tissue system.
Vascular tissue system.
104
Two of the most important tissues in plants are
Xylem.
| Phloem.
105
Xylem
Transports water and dissolved mineral from the roots to the shoots.
106
Phloem
Transports sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plant.
107
Tissue system that provides long distance transport of water and nutrients.
Vascular tissue system.
108
Tissue system that forms an outer protective covering and regulates gas exchange.
Dermal tissue system.
109
Tissue system that performs photosynthesis, provides support, and stores nutrients.
Ground tissue system.
110
Four major groups of modern plants, in evolutionary order.
Bryophytes.
Seedless vascular plants.
Gymnosperms.
Angiosperms.
111
Moss type plants. Needed to be near body of water in order to survive.
Bryophytes.
112
Ferns. The first plant that evolved away from water, and were able to get water from dirt.. These plants added the Xylem and Phloem.
Seedless vascular plants.
113
Pine trees. Same as Seedless vascular plants but now can produce a survival contingency in pine cones. Could last longer but couldn't spread because the pine cones would just fall to the ground.
Gymnosperms.
114
Flowers. These make up around 80% of plants today. Successful evolution because of the ability to spread their seed.
Angiosperms.
115
Which are the only plants that don't have vascular tissue?
Bryophytes.
116
Bryophyte adaptations for land.
Waxy outer layer that helps retain moisture.
| Structures that provide internal protection for gametes and embryos.
117
_________ contains living cells that transport sugars from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plants
Phloem.
118
_____ is made of dead cells acting as tiny pipes.
Xylem.
119
Xylem sap is moved through the plant body via
Transpiration.
120
Phloem sap always flow from a ______ _____ to a ______ _______.
Sugar source; sugar sink.
121
Tiny pores in the leaf called _______ facilitate transpiration of water.
Stoma.
122
At night, _____ ______ close the pores to prevent unnecessary water loss.
Guard cells.
123
Seedless vascular plants adaptations for living on lands
Vascular tissue; Lignin-hardened cell walls.
124
What consists of an embryo and food supply inside a protective coating?
A seed.
125
What's one of the major key adaptations that allowed plants to spread across the land?
Seeds.
126
What were the first plants to evolve seeds?
Gymnosperm.
127
The vast majority of plants are called ___________.
Angiosperms.
128
The ________ is a complex reproductive organ that houses the ovary and develops into fruit and seed.
Flower.
129
Flowers produce and receive _______.
Pollen.
130
One cotyledon, Fibrous root system.
Monocot.
131
Two cotyledons, Taproot usually present.
Dicot.
