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Bio 131 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of sacs where proteins are modified and packaged. The shipping department.

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2
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (eukaryotic)

A

A manufacturing site for a wide variety of cellular products.

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3
Q

Present only in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts, cell walls, and central vacuoles.

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4
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

The production of RNA from DNA.

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

Location within nucleus where DNA form multiple chromsomes direts the production of rRNA.

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6
Q

Cell Wall (prokaryotic)

A

Rigid outer layer that protects the cell and provides shape.

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7
Q

Cell Wall (eukaryotic)

A

A rigid, protective layer made of cellulose that helps maintain cell shape. Plant cell only.

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8
Q

Protein lined ________ allow certain molecules, such as RNA, to pass through.

A

nuclear pores.

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9
Q

Plasma membrane (eukaryotic)

A

The outer boundary of the cell; regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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10
Q

Flagellum (eukaryotic)

A

A long appendage that propels the cell.

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11
Q

Central Vacuole (eukaryotic)

A

Storage sac that can hold a variety of substances, such as nutrients or water. Plant cell only.

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12
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures consisting of one DNA molecule and associates protein molecules.

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13
Q

Endocystosis

A

the transport of large substances into the cell.

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14
Q

Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

Contains enzymes that produce lipids (such as steroid hormones)

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15
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer. What makes this unique?

A

Two layers that phospholipids are organized into. The phospholipid bilayer has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic body.

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16
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Energy of sunlight captured and used to create molecules of sugar, which are used to power the plant or stored in tissue.Oxygen gas released as waste.

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17
Q

What happens during Translation?

A

at the ribosomes, results in the production of proteins.

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18
Q

As a protein travels through the GA, it is modified by _____, emerging as a refined product.

A

Enzymes.

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19
Q

Nuclear Envelope (eukaryotic)

A

Double layer of membrane that regulates traffic between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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20
Q

What contains instructions for making proteins?

A

DNA in nucleus.

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21
Q

When cellular respiration harvests chemical energy from molecules of sugar, what molecule is that stored as?

A

ATP.

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The interior of the cell, consisting primarily of a watery liquid called cytosol, various organelles, and dissolved molecules.

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23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membrane-enclosed passageways and sacs that touches the outside of the nuclear envelope and extends deep into the cytoplasm.

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24
Q

Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

Contains ribosomes that produce many kinds of proteins.

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25
Some of these intracellular sacs store food, nutrients, or pigments.
Vacuoles
26
Ribosomes (prokaryotic)
Small structures that build proteins using instructions encoded in the DNA.
27
Plasmids (prokaryotic)
Small rings of DNA that duplicated independently and can be exchanged among cells. prokaryotic only.
28
Phospholipids
bio membranes contain two layers of a special kind of lipid. Each Phospholipid molecule has a phosphate group as its head, two fatty acid tails.
29
Organelles
membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions. Only in eukaryote cells.
30
Nucleus (eukaryotic)
Location of most of the cell's DNA.
31
Sugar ---\> ATP ----\> ?
Cells for energy.
32
A network of protein fibers that provides mechanical support, anchorage, and reinforcement.
Cytoskeleton.
33
Many plant cells have a very large central \_\_\_\_\_\_
Vacuole
34
Cytoplasm (eukaryotic)
The fluid-fille region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.
35
Cell membrane (prokaryotic)
outer boundary of cell, including plasma membrane and cell wall.
36
Cilia
Shorter and more numerous than flagella, move in coordinated back and forth motion.
37
Cellular respiration
Uses oxygen to harvest energy from molecules of sugar.
38
Passive Transport
When a substance moves across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient. No requirement for energy.
39
Most important thing in the Nucleus?
The DNA
40
Eukaryotic cells
Large, complex, singled celled or multi celled. Plants, animals, fungi, protists.
41
Chloroplast (eukaryotic)
Contains structures that convert light energy into food energy during the process of photosynthesis. Plant cell only.
42
Nuclear envelope (AKA nuclear membrane)
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
43
Membrane proteins
Most membranes have proteins embedded within them to do specific tasks.
44
Lysosomes
A type of vesicle that contain digestive enzymes that can dissolve large food molecules, old cellular components, or invasive organisms such as bacteria.
45
Where are proteins made?
At the ribosomes.
46
Fluid Mosaic
Molecules can move freely and the diversity of proteins that float like icebergs.
47
What's the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
That eukaryotic cells contain organelles surrounded by membranes.
48
Prokaryotic cell descriptions
Smaller, simpler, No membrane-enclosed organelles, DNA not contained within any cellular structure, Unicellular.
49
How does the nucleus store the DNA?
In chromosomes.
50
Pilus (prokaryotic)
Short projections that can attach to surfaces or other prokaryote .prokaryotic only.
51
What is the plasma membrane composed of?
Phospholipids and proteins..
52
Cell (2 kinds)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
53
Cytoskeleton (eukaryotic)
A network of fibers that maintains the cell's shape, provides support, and aids movement.
54
What's the most prominent membrane-enclosed organelle?
The nucleus
55
Mitochondria? where are they found?
Provides energy to eukaryotic cells. Found in Plant and animals cells.
56
Vesicle (eukaryotic)
membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports materials in the cytoplasm.
57
Two domains of prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
58
Function of the nuclear membrane
Controls passage of materials into and out of the nucleus.
59
Lysosome (eukaryotic)
A membrane-enclosed bubble of digestive enzymes that can break down and recycle foreign or worn-out cellular substances. Animal cell only.
60
Vesicles
Small bubbles made of membrane that are used to transport materials through the cell.
61
Exocytosis
the export of large quantities of material from the cell.
62
Some of these intracellular sacs pump water out of the cell
Vacuoles.
63
Animals cells produce a sticky ______ that helps hold cells together.
Extracellular matrix.
64
Chloroplasts? Where are they found? What do they require?
The organelles of photosynthesis. Only in plant cells. Require supply of water and carbon dioxide.
65
Extracellular fluid
The liquid environment outside of the cell.
66
Osmosis
The diffusion of water.
67
Capsule (prokaryotic)
Sticky outer coat that surrounds the cell wall, providing protection and helping the cell stick to surfaces. prokaryotic only.
68
Ribosome
cellular structure that manufactures proteins.
69
Each very long chromatin fiber twists and folds to form a....
Chromosome.
70
Nucleoid (prokaryotic)
Nucleus-like region (not surrounded by membrane) where the DNA is coiled. Prokaryotic only.
71
Flagellum (prokaryotic)
long cellular appendage that aids in movement.
72
Golgi Apparatus (eukaryotic)
An organelle that receives, refines, and ships many cellular products.
73
Within the nucleus, DNA molecules are wrapped around proteins to form fibers called...
Chromatin.
74
Which human body cells have a well developed cytoskeleton?
White blood cells.
75
Flagella
A long extension that can propel the cell by whipping back and forth (Ex. Sperm)
76
Where do rRNA molecules exit and enter through?
Exit through nuclear pores.. enter through cytoplasm.
77
Ribosomes (eukaryotic)
Sites of protein manufacture; may be free-floating or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
78
What do all eukaryotic cells share?
Plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria.
79
Cell walls? Plant or Animal cells?
A rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane. Plant cells only.
80
How is a ribosome formed?
When rRNA joins together with protein molecules.
81
Vacuoles
Intracellular sacs, variety of sizes and functions.
82
Plasma Membrane (prokaryotic)
Thin layer that regulates the passage of substances between the cell and the surroundings.
83
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
84
During cellular respiration, what's released as waste?
Carbon Dioxide, water, and heat.
85
Protein Production steps...
Begins in nucleus where DNA transcribes to RNA. Newly made RNA molecules carries the instructions for making a protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Translation at the ribosome occurs.
86
Mitochondria (eukaryotic)
Site where the cell harvests energy from food molecules.
87
Facilitated diffusion
Some substances cannot crosa a membrane on their own. These can be transported via facilitated diffusion, through specific transport proteins embedded in the membrane. Requires membrane bound protein, requires carrier molecule.
88
Cytoplasm (prokaryotic)
interior of cell
89
Active Transport
Moving a substance against its concentration gradient, from where it's less concentrated to where it's more so. This always requires an expenditure of energy from the cell.

Bio 131 (9 decks)

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