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Bio 131 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA is shorthand for…

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

A DNA molecule is a _______ with two strands made up of a long string of _________.

A

Nucleic Acid ; Chromosomes.

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3
Q

The structure of a DNA can be understood as a _______, a large molecule made by repeating a smaller unit.

A

Polymer

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4
Q

In the center of the _____ ______, hydrogen bonds between bases hold the two strands together.

A

double helix.

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5
Q

Each molecule of DNA is made from individual subunits called

A

nucleotides.

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6
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

a central five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose).
a negatively charged phosphate.
bade made from one or two rings of nitrogen and carbon.

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7
Q

Which component of the nucleotide varies? Which are identical among all DNA nucleotides?

A

The base.

The phosphate and sugar.

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8
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A

A (Adenine)
G (Guanine)
T (Thymine)
C(Cytosine)

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9
Q

One molecule of DNA contains two ______ wrapped around each other, forming a double helix.

A

Polynucleotide.

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10
Q

What are the base pairing rules?

A

A(Adenine)/Thymine (T)

Guanine(G)/Cytosine(C)

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11
Q

Within the base pairs, what holds the two strands of the double helix together?

A

Hydrogen Bonds.

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12
Q

DNA replication is said to be _______ because each new molecule conserves half of the original molecule.

A

Semi-conservative.

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13
Q

If you know the bases of one DNA strand of the double helix, you can easily determine the bases in the other strand by applying the ___________.

A

Base pairing rules

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14
Q

Which two types of nucleic acids can be found within all living cells?

A

DNA and RNA.

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15
Q

Similarities of RNA and DNA…

A

Nucleic acids.
Polymers of nucleotides, each of which consists of sugar, phosphate, and a base.
Phosphate groups are identical.

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16
Q

Three important RNA and DNA structural differences.

A
  1. ) DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded.
  2. ) The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; sugar in RNA is ribose.
  3. ) Nucleotide Thymine in DNA. In RNA it is Uracil (U).
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17
Q

Describe the flow of genetic information through a cell.

A

DNA is converted to an RNA molecule through transcription. RNA leaves nucleus, exiting through nuclear pore. RNA makes way to ribosome, where the message it contains is converted to protein through translation.

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18
Q

What molecule does transcription result in?

A

mRNA

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19
Q

codons?

A

Sequences of three nucleotides, each of which specifies one amino acid.

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20
Q

Transcription?

A

The transfer of information from DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

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21
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that binds to a DNA sequence called a promoter.

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22
Q

The ______ acts as a “start here” signal, marking the beginning of a gene.

A

promoter.

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23
Q

Transcription begins when an enzyme called _______ binds to a DNA sequence called a ________.

A

RNA polymerase ; Promoter.

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24
Q

When does transcription end?

A

When RNA polymerase reaches a DNA “stop” sequence called a terminator.

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25
Introns
Stretches of RNA that do not actually encode for amino acids.
26
exons
The regions that do code for amino acids.
27
In the cytoplasm, the molecule of mRNA will be used as instructions for generating a _______.
Protein.
28
Translation is done in the cytoplasm by
Ribosomes.
29
Ribosomes
Cellular structures that perform the translation of mRNA polynucleotides into amino acid polypeptides.
30
Ribosomal RNA
A type of RNA that's combined with proteins to make ribosomes.
31
Codon
Each set of three nucleotides, read by mRNA, that make one amino acid.
32
One end of a ________ holds an amino acid.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
33
Other end of a transfer RNA is an ________ that matches up with mRNA
anticodon
34
Cellular translation depends on molecules called ____
transfer RNA (tRNA)
35
Each codon consists of three consecutive RNA bases that together encode for one ___________.
Amino Acid.
36
triplet code
correspondence between an mRNA codon and its amino acid.
37
Start codon
(AUG) , always signals the start of the genetic message.
38
Stop codons
(UAA, UAG, UGA), any one of which can signal the end of the message.
39
Each ribosome contains ________ for the mRNA as well as for molecules of tRNA.
binding sites.
40
When does translation begin?
When two subunits of a ribosome assemble on an mRNA.
41
Upon reaching the end of mRNA, the newly formed ________ is released, and the _________ disassembles into its parts.
polypeptide; ribosome
42
_______ continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA.
Elongation
43
What happens after two subunits of a ribosome assemble on an mRNA?
A tRNA brings in amino acids that match the codon in the mRNA.
44
What happens have the ribosome reaches a stop codon?
The ribosome machinery disassembles and the completed polypeptide is now available to be used or modified by the cell into a functioning protein.
45
Mutation
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
46
Mutagens
Physical or chemical factors in the environment that can damage DNA.
47
Carcinogens
a cancer causing agent.
48
Point Mutation
The substitution of one DNA nucleotide for another.
49
Silent mutation
Does not change the amino acid produced, so the protein is unchanged.
50
Missense mutation
Substitutes one amino acid for another. This produces a mutant protein, which may be nearly identical to or substantially different from the original.
51
nonsense mutation
Change an amino acid codon to a stop codon. This will produce a shortened protein that is almost always defective.
52
Frameshift mutation
If an insertion or deletion throws off the reading frame.
53
Insertion
Mutations that add nucleotides.
54
Deletion
Mutations that remove nucleotides.
55
What's it called when a cell loses the ability to control its cell cycle?
Tumor
56
Tumor
A mass of body cells that is growing out of control.
57
If a tumor can spread to other tissues it's called...
Cancer
58
cell cycle control system
Regulates the timing of cell duplication
59
proto-oncogene
A normal, necessary gene that produces a protein that properly regulates the cell cycle?
60
oncogene
mutated proto-oncogene. Produces an abnormal protein that fails to regulate cell cycle.
61
Growth factor
A normal protein that stimulates cell division.
62
Tumor suppressor genes
Normally codes for proteins that inhibit cell division.
63
malignant tumor
A tumor that has the ability to spread to other parts of the body.
64
Gene cloning
A technique in which a gene that synthesizes the wanted protein is isolated and inserted into a piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid.
65
A small circular DNA molecule that replicates separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome.
Plasmid.
66
Genetic engineering
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
67
Restriction enzymes
Proteins that cut DNA only at specific nucleotide sequences.
68
Genetically modified organisms
ones that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means.
69
Transgenic organism
If the transferred gene is from another species.
70
The alteration of a person's genes in order to treat a disease.
Gene therapy.

Bio 131 (9 decks)

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