Exam 4 Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
heterotrophs
A
Consumers. Organisms that obtain nutrients and materials for building body structures from their environment.
2
Q
autotrophs
A
Producers. Organisms that make their own food. like plants.
3
Q
What does the nervous system do?
A
Control body functions.
4
Q
Phyla
A
Smaller groups in the animals kingdom.
5
Q
Sponges
A
Lack of tissue or body symmetry.
Sessile (fixed in one place)
6
Q
Cnidarians
A
Bilateral symmetry.
Cells organized into tissues.
Stinging cells.
Polyp and Medusa.
7
Q
Flatworms
A
Bilateral symmetry. Gastrovascular cavity. No true body cavity. Some are parasites. Eye Spots. Found in damp terrestrial habitats. 1mm to several feet in size.
8
Q
Annelids
A
Bilateral symmetry. Complete digestive tract. Closed circulatory system. Body segments. Damp terrestrial habitats.
9
Q
Mollusks
A
Bilateral symmetry. Visceral mass. Circulatory system. Shell, mantle, and foot. Radula.
10
Q
Roundworms
A
Complete digestive tract.
No body segments.
Break down decaying organic matter.
11
Q
Anthropods
A
Bilateral symmetry. Body segments, head, thorax, and abdomen. Hard exoskeleton. Sensory organs. Jointed appendages.
12
Q
Echinoderms
A
Larval bilateral symmetry. Spiny surface. Water vascular system and tube feet. Endoskeleton. Bumpy surfaces.
13
Q
Chordates
A
Nerve cord.
Tail.
Notochord.
Pharyngeal slits.
14
Q
Vertebrates
A
All 4 features of chordates + an endoskeleton.
15
Q
Lancelets
A
Small animals that capture food by filtering water through their mouths.
16
Q
Tunicates
A
Sessile and feed by filtering seawater.
17
Q
_______ have a skull but lack a recognizable backbone in adults.
A
Hagfishes.
18
Q
_________ have a skull and backbone but they lack a jaw.
A
Lampreys.
19
Q
_____ _____ were the first group to have internal skeletons reinforced with calcium.
A
Bony fishes.
20
Q
This chordate has a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy, and an operculum that circulates water over the gills.
A
Bony fishes.
21
Q
The first vertebrates to evolve were _______, around ____ mya.
A
Fishes; 540
22
Q
_______ ______ have flexible skeletons made of cartilage and must constantly move to keep water flowing through the gills. Most are marine predators.
A
Cartilaginous fishes.
23
Q
_______ fishes have muscular fins supported by rod-shaped bones that are homologous to amphibian limb bones.
A
Lobe-finned.
24
Q
Two aquatic adaptations of amphibians.
A
Eggs that lack shells.
Tadpole stage has gills.
25
Four terrestrial adaptations of amphibians.
Adult has lungs.
Musculoskeletal system with four limbs.
Moist skin.
26
Reptiles reproduce via an _________
amniotic egg.
27
All terrestrial vertebrates are _________, animals with four limbs.
Tetrapods.
28
What were the first tetrapods?
Amphibians.
29
Most non-bird reptiles are ________. They must obtain heat from the environment.
ectotherms.
30
Mammals are ______. Their metabolism maintains a warm, constant body temperature.
endotherms.
31
Three groups of modern mammals.
Monotremes.
Marsupials.
Eutherians.
32
After a brief pregnancy, a ________ gives birth to a tiny embryonic offspring that completes its development in its mother's pouch, attached to a nipple.
Marsupial.
33
The placenta of a ________ connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall. This allows nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply.
Eutherian.
34
Most mammals are born encased in an _______ ___
Amniotic sac.
35
Aquatic mammals.
Cetaceans.
36
Within mammals, humans belong to the group called _____.
Primates.
37
Primate characteristics... (5)
```
Large brains.
Binocular vision.
Limber joints, limbs, and digits.
Complex behaviors.
Extended parental care.
```
38
How long ago did Hominins split off from other primates?
5-7 mya
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Two groups of primates?
Anthropoid.
| NonAnthropoid.
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The oldest known member of our own genus.
Homo habilis 2.4-1.7mya
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The first hominin species known to have migrated out of Africa to other continents.
Homo Erectus (1.8 -1.3 mya)
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Another name for a embryonic eutherian.
Placental mammal.
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Eutherians have a more complex ______. This provides for a long physical association between mother and developing offspring.
Placenta.
44
Two distinguishing features of mammals.
Mammary glands.
| Hair.
45
Form correlates with ________.
Function.
46
Physiology is function. Anatomy is ______.
Form.
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Cell ----> _____ -----> Organ ----> ________----> Organism.
Tissue; Organ system.
48
Cells work cooperatively as part of a _________.
Tissue.
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Connective tissue consists of cells scattered throughout an ________ _______. Connective tissues also binds to and provides support for other _______.
Extracellular matrix; Tissue.
50
______ consists of cells suspended in an extracellular matrix that is hardened by calcium.
Bone.
51
Cartilage
Consists of cells suspended in a strong but flexible matrix.
52
What forms much of your external nose and ears?
Cartilage.
53
Bloods central role in immune system.
To transport substances throughout the body.
54
Loose connective tissue.
Highly elastic matrix of woven fibers that helps hold other tissues and organs in place.
55
Adipose tissue.
Stores energy in the form of fat globules and provides insulation and padding.
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Epithelium.
Epithelial tissue that consists of sheets of tightly packed cells that are fused together. This is the interlining of anything.
57
What forms a protective barrier that surrounds your body and helps protect its internal environment from external threats such as disease-causing microorganisms?
Epidermis.
58
Nervous tissue.
Communicates signals between different parts of the body.
59
Within your brain, spinal cord, and nerves, individual cells called ________ can transmit rapid electrical signals along spindly extensions.
Neurons.
60
These signals allow you to sense the world, formulate a response, and act on it.
Neuron electrical signals.
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Muscle tissue consists of long cells called ________ ______, each of which contains specialized proteins that allow it to contract.
Muscle fibers.
62
The cells of the ________, found in heart tissue, branch and join one another to form a large interconnected tissue.
Cardiac muscle.
63
___________ attached to your bones by tendons, allows you to move.
Skeletal muscle.
64
Homeostasis.
The tendency to maintain a constant internal environment.
65
If you're in homeostasis you're ________.
Healthy.
66
How is homeostasis maintained?
Negative feedback and positive feedback.
67
Negative feedback
A form of regulation in which the result of a process inhibits that very process.
68
Positive feedback
a form of regulation in which the results of a process intensify that same process.
69
Four stages of food processing.
Ingestion.
Digestion.
Absorption.
Elimination.
70
Alimentary Canal
A long tube in the human digestive system, divided along its length into specialized digestive organs.
71
7 parts of the Alimentary canal.
```
Oral cavity.
Pharynx.
Esophagus.
Stomach.
Small Intestine.
Large Intestine.
Anus.
```
72
The site of ingestion (eating) and the start of mechanical and chemical digestion.
The oral cavity.
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The oral cavity uses ______ to cut, grind, and smash the food. It also uses _____ to begin chemical digestion.
Teeth; Saliva.
74
Pharynx
The intersection of your mouth, esophagus, and trachea (leads to the lungs).
75
A flap called the _____ that moves to cover the entrance of the trachea when you swallow. It directs food down the esophagus.
epiglottis.
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Most of the time, air enters your _______ via your pharynx.
Trachea.
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Esophagus
A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
78
Food moves through the esophagus via muscle contractions called _______.
Peristalsis.
79
Mechanical digestion.
The use of physical process to break down food into smaller pieces.
80
Chemical digestion.
The use of enzymes to perform hydrolysis, chemical reactions that use water to break bonds within large molecules.
81
Absorption
the uptake of small nutrient molecules, primarily by the cells that line extensive folds of the small intestine.
82
Elimination.
The disposal of undigested matter from the body.
83
Your gut is called the ________.
alimentary canal.
84
Cells lining the stomach secrete _________, containing enzymes (such as ______) that helps digest protein and molecules.
Gastric juice; pepsin.
85
What's produced when the muscular walls of the stomach churn the food and the gastric juice together?
Chyme.
86
Sphincter
Ring of muscle. periodically opens to send a small squirt of chyme into the intestine.
87
How long does it take after a meal for the stomach to empty?
2-6 hours.
88
Small Intestine.
Narrow but long. The primary site of nutrient absorption.
89
Chemical digestion is completed by enzymes within the _____________.
Small intestine.
90
Measures about 5 feet long and 2 inches wide.
Large intestine.
91
The main portion of the large intestine.
Colon.
92
What happens within the colon?
Water is absorbed from the alimentary canal and returned to the bloodstream.
93
What's stored in the rectum?
Remainder of food (primarily fiber), huge numbers of prokaryotic organisms that normally inhabit the large intestine which is formed into feces.
94
The last 6 inches of the large intestine.
The rectum.
95
Two sphincter muscles, one voluntary and the other not, regulate the opening of the ________.
Anus.
96
Chemical digestion is completed within the _______________.
Small intestine.
97
____________ secrete specific digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal via ducts.
Accessory Organs.
98
Where can bile produced by the liver be stored?
Gallbladder.
99
Liquid secreted from the ________ via a duct into the small intestine helps neutralize stomach acid and continues the chemical digestion of food.
Pancreas.
100
Villi
Tiny finger like extensions within the epithelial tissue in the small intestine.
101
Microvilli
microscopic projections on each cell of villi.
102
Peristalsis
Waves of contractions in the muscles that line the alimentary canal which propel food through your gut.
103
Two types of positive feedback.
Blood clot.
| Female in labor.
104
Saliva interacts with which nutrient type.
Carbohydrates.
105
Liver stores which nutrient type.
Fats.
106
Pancreas stores which nutrient type.
Protein.
107
Improper diets can cause what three health problems?
Obesity.
Malnutrition.
Eating disorders.
108
The ____________ conveys oxygen from the lungs to body cells.
Circulatory system.
109
The exchange of ases occurs between __________ and alveoli in your lungs.
Blood capillaries.
110
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in your lungs.
111
The trachea branches into two _________. Each leads to a lung.
Bronchi
112
Bronchioles
Smaller and smaller tubes that the Bronchi branch into.
113
Alveoli
Small sacs at the end of each bronchiole.
114
The actual site of gas exchange.
Alveoli.
115
Diaphragm
Sheet of muscle that forms the border between the chest cavity and the abdomen.
116
Nasal cavity
The site where air enters the respiratory system.
117
Larynx
contains pair of vocal cords.
118
During exhalation, air moves through the _______ and vibrates the vocal cords.
Larynx.
119
Bronchitis
Commonly caused by infection of the bronchioles by viruses.
120
Emphysema
Often caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke or air pollution. Causes progressively worsening shortness of breath.
121
Upper Respiratory Infection
URIs include a wide variety of illnesses of the nose, pharynx or larynx. Viral infection is the most common cause, followed by bacterial infection.
122
Asthma.
A long term inflammation of the airway. Environmental irritants may cause difficulty breathing.
123
Circulatory system
A collection of organs and tissues that acts as an internal transport network.
124
The _____ pumps blood through a series of ____________.
Heart; blood vessels.
125
Cardiovascular system.
Your heart and blood working together.
126
Carries blood away from the heart.
Arteries.
127
Carries blood to the heart.
Veins
128
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that run through nearly every tissue of the body. join arterioles to venules.
129
_______ have very thin walls that allow materials to be exchanged between the blood and the body's cells.
Capillaries.
130
Arterioles
Small tubes that the arteries branch into.
131
Arteries > _______ > Capillaries > ________ > Veins.
Arterioles; Venuoles.
132
Pulmonary Circuit
Shuttles blood from the heart to the lungs.
133
Systemic Ciruit
Shuttles blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
134
Another name for high blood pressure. Increases the risk of heart attack heart disease, and stroke.
Hypertension.
135
Heart Disease
Results from fatty deposits blocking the arteries and is most common death in America.
136
Anemia.
When the blood doesn't carry enough oxygen.
137
Blood enters the heart at the _____, which pumps it a short distance to the _______.
Atria; Ventricles.
138
Pump blood out to the rest of the body.
Ventricles.
139
Diastole
When the heart muscles relax.
140
Systole
When the heart contracts.
141
Sinoatrial node. AKA ________
Nervous tissue that times heartbeats; Start node.
142
The SA node causes atria to contract and sends the signal to the ____________ to signal the ventricles to contract.
Atrioventricular node.
143
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack, usually caused by blockage.
144
Buildup of fatty deposits, _______, is usually the result of a gradual process called ____________.
plaque; atherosclerosis.
145
Interstitial fluid
Fills the spaces between cells and tissues. It facilitates exchange of materials between cells and the blood.
146
4 chambers of heart that control the movement of blood:
Right atrium.
Right ventricle.
Left atrium.
Left ventricle.
147
Oxygen poor blood enters the heart at the _________.
Right Atrium.
148
Right Atrium pumps blood directly to the ___________, which then pumps the oxygen depleted blood to the lungs via pulmonary arteries.
Right Ventricle.
149
Two large veins called _________ and _________ bring oxygen-depleted blood from the body to the heart.
Inferior vena cava; Superior vena cava.
150
As blood flows through ____________, CO2 diffuses out of the blood and O2 diffuses in. The O2 rich blood then flows through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Lung capillaries.
151
The _________ uses powerful contractions to pump O2 rich blood through the aorta and out to the body.
Left Ventricle.
152
The aorta splits into various ______, which in turn split into ___________. Within tissues, the _________ branch further to form beds of ____________, where exchange occurs with body cells: O2 and nutrients move from the blood into cells, and _______ and wastes move from cells into the blood. The O2 poor blood then flows into the _________, which flow into _________, which flow into the ______, and enter the heart once again at the _______.
```
Arteries.
Arterioles.
Arterioles.
Capillaries.
CO2.
Venules.
Veins.
Vena cavae.
Right Atrium.
```
153
Cardiac cycle
A rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles.
154
Your blood consists of many small molecules and several types of cells dissolved in a liquid called _______.
Plasma.
155
Blood cells that transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
Red Blood cells.
156
Blood cells that fight infections.
White blood cells.
157
In the lungs, O2 binds to a protein in your red blood cells called ________.
hemoglobin.
158
Platelets
Cellular fragments that aid in blood clotting.
159
Molecules of ____ cross link to form a clot which, if on your skin, is called a scab.
Fibrin.
160
Your immune system does what?
Protects against pathogens.
161
4 defense used by immune system.
External barriers.
Inflammatory response.
Complement system proteins.
White blood cells and the lymphatic system.
162
_________ filter out foreign particles, and _______ extending from cells in your respiratory tract sweep particles outward.
Nostril hairs; Cilia.
163
Mucous membranes.
Membranes that line organ systems that secrete mucus, a sticky fluid, to trap particles.
164
Stomach acid
Gastric juice kills most of the bacteria that you swallow before they can enter the bloodstream.
165
_________ forms a protective outer layer that most viruses and bacteria cannot penetrate.
Intact skin.
166
How is an inflammatory response triggered? What happens when it the response begins?
The cells of damaged tissue release chemicals that trigger the response. Blood vessels weaken, causing swelling.
167
White blood cells called ________ engulf and destroy bacteria during an inflammatory response.
Phagocytes.
168
Antibodies
Proteins that circulate in the blood that are specific for that same antigen.
169
lymphocytes
White blood cells that reside in the lymphatic system.
170
2 varieties of lymphocytes
B cells and T cells.
171
Antigen
Molecule that elicits an immune response.
172
lymph nodes.
Network of fluid filled vessels and numerous small organs that make up the lymphatic system.
173
Lymph
A fluid that picks up invading microbes.
174
Explain the process of clonal selection.
A process of multiplying specific lymphocytes that are activated by the matching antigen.
175
What's a 'helper T cell' and what can they do?
Lymphocyte that can recognize antigens and then stimulate the production of several types of immune cells.
176
Memory cells
Produced by clonal selection. These cells can last for decades after an antigen is introduced.
177
Vaccination
Purposefully exposing the immune system to an antigen, which stimulates the production of memory cells.
178
Three types of immune system malfunction ( When immune response is too strong).
Allergies.
Autoimmune diseases.
Organ rejection.
179
Hormones
Chemical signals produced by endocrine tissues that are transported by the bloodstream and affect target cells throughout the body.
180
Hypothalamus
Control center of the endocrine system.
181
Pituitary gland
Receives signals from hypothalamus, provides wide variety of hormones that regulate many body functions.
182
Parathyroid glands
Help regulate blood calcium levels.
183
Thyroid gland
Regulates oxygen consumption, metabolism, blood calcium levels, and body temperature.
184
Regulates blood glucose levels through the secretion of hormones.
Pancreas.
185
Adrenal glands
Regulate metabolism and response to stress.
186
Insulin is a hormone produced in the ________ that regulates glucose levels.
Pancreas
187
Type 1 diabetes.
The body can't produce enough insulin.
188
Type 2 diabetes.
The target cells don't respond normally to insulin.
189
The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved ions.
Osmoregulation
190
What maintains water balance in your body?
Urinary system.
191
Central hub of the urinary system.
Kidneys
192
The filtering of the blood takes place within the ___________.
Kidney Nephrons.
193
Water and solutes are reclaimed and returned to the blood via tiny ___________.
Capillaries.
194
Ureter
The tube that urine leaves the kidney through.
195
Glans of the penis
The head. Where sperm exits.
196
Vas deferens
a duct through which sperm is ejaculated.
197
Seminal Vesicles
Add fluid to semen.
198
Epididymis
A tube in which semen is stored.
199
Scrotum
External sac that holds the testes and keeps them slightly cooler than body temperature.
200
Cells near the outside of the seminiferous tubules divide by mitosis to produce diploid cells that are called ________.
Primary Spermatocytes.
201
Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1, producing two haploid _________.
Secondary Spermatocytes.
202
Spermatogensis
Diploid cells within the testes divide via meiosis to produce male gametes.
203
Acrosome
Membrane-enclosed sac containing enzymes that help penetrate the egg.
204
Oogenesis
The development of a mature egg within the ovary.
205
Ovary
The female gonad, where eggs are produced and released.
206
Cervix
A narrow neck at the bottom of the uterus.
207
Urethra
A tube through which urine is excreted.
208
Oviduct
The site where egg meets sperm.
209
Uterus
The site of pregnancy where an embryo develops into a baby.
210
Clitoris
Contains erectile tissue that swells during arousal.
211
Labia Minora
A pair of skin folds that border the opening of the vagina.
212
Labia Majora
A pair of thick ridges that protect underlying structures.
213
Vulva
The collective name for all of the external female reproductive structures.
214
Ovulation
The release of an egg cell from the ovaries, occurs around day 14.
215
Cleavage
A series of rapid divisions that continues for several days.
216
________ is marked by organ formation.
First trimester.
217
________ is time for growth.
Second Trimester.
218
________ is preparing for birth.
Third trimester.
219
Ecology
Scientific study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment.
220
Predation
An interaction in which a predator species kills and eats a prey species.
221
________ lives on or in, but does not kill, a host, from which it obtains nutrients.
Parasites.
222
Pathogens
Disease causing microorganisms. Most often bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists.
223
Trophic structure
The feeding relationship within a community.
224
Trophic level
Each rank of the feeding hierarchy.
225
Food chain
A simplified description of one part of the trophic structure, following the passage of food energy from one individual to another.
226
Biological magnification
The tendency of toxins to become concentrated as they pass through a food chain.
227
Keystone Species
When one species has a disproportionate effect on the overall species diversity.
