Chapter 2 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Where can you find cholesterol?
A
In the body or in food.
2
Q
Keratin
A
Important protein for structure of hair, skin, nails, and fur.
3
Q
Dehydration Synthesis Reactions
A
Links two monomers together and removes a molecule of water.
4
Q
4 major naturally occurring elements?
A
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen.
5
Q
Polysaccharides
A
Complex carb made by joining many monsaccharides together into a long chain.
6
Q
Phospholipids
A
Contains a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two long hydrophobic tails.
7
Q
Polymers
A
Large molecules made by joining many smaller molecules called monomers.
8
Q
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
A
hydrophobic (water hating)
9
Q
How is Triglyceride made?
A
One molecule of glycerol joined to three fatty acid molecules.
10
Q
Lactase
A
An enzyme within your digestive system that breaks down the milk and sugar lactose.
11
Q
Hydrophobic
A
Don’t mix with water. Water hating.
12
Q
How do animal cells use cholesterol?
A
to synthesize several important lipid hormones.
13
Q
Proteins do what in the body? (2 examples)
A
Provides structure.
Hexokinase ( Enzyme, a protein that helps drive a chemical reaction, found in most living cells)
Keratin ( Structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin)
14
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Molecules constructed from one or more monosaccharides (simple sugars)
15
Q
The sharing of one or more electrons between atoms
A
Covalent bonds.
16
Q
The transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
A
Ionic bonds.
17
Q
What forms when amino acids are joined through the dehydration synthesis reaction?
A
Peptide bonds.
18
Q
The word organic means…
A
has carbon.
19
Q
Dietary fats come in two basic varieties which are…
A
Saturated and Unsaturated.
20
Q
Functional Groups
A
A set of atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.
21
Q
Monomer of Nucleic acids is
A
nucleotide.
22
Q
What saccharide is glycogen?
A
polysaccharide.
23
Q
The subatomic particle that determines the isotope.
A
Neutron
24
Q
Monomer of protein is…
A
Amino Acid.
25
Macromolecules
Large molecules that can have complex structures.
26
The subatomic particle that determines an atom's ion state and chemical reactivity.
Electron
27
Organic compounds
Molecules that contain carbon bonded to other elements.
28
Noncompetitive inhibitor
bind to a distant site on the enzyme. This binding causes the enzyme to change shape in such a way that the substrate can no longer bind to the active site.
29
Charged atoms..
Nitrogen Ions
30
Every object in the universe is composed of this....
Matter
31
Atom
the smallest unit that retains all of the properties of matter.
32
Substrate
binds to the enzyme at a particular place on the enzyme called the active site.
33
What is a steroid that is used to produce estrogen and testosterone.
Cholesterol.
34
Phospholipid bilayer
Made by stacking two layers of the phospholipid. Tail to Tail.
35
Monomers
Small molecules that build polymers
36
Carbohydrates does what for the body? (2 examples)
Short term energy and structure.
Cellulose (large, complex, forms much of the structure of a plant.)
Glucose (a sugar, simple, acts as energy source for all living cells.)
37
Hydrolysis Reaction
A process in which Polymers are broken down into the Monomers that make them up. (adding water)
38
Three types of subatomic particles.
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
39
What happens once the substrate binds to the enzyme?
The enzyme promotes a specific chemical reaction. The enzyme is unchanged by the reaction.
40
Carbon Skeletons
a skeleton of carbon atoms for every organic compound
41
Two of the most common Monosaccharides
glucose and fructose.
42
The subatomic particle that determines the chemical element.
Protons.
43
Bases
Chemical that, when dissolved in water, removes H+ ions from solution, usually combining them with OH- to form water molecules.
44
A combination of individual elements
compound
45
What does every amino acid contain?
A central carbon atom, an amino group, and a carboxylic acid group.
46
Competitive inhibitor.
Bind to the active site, thereby preventing the real substrate from binding there.
47
Activation energy
The amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.
48
Nucleic Acids (2 examples)
DNA (nucleic acid that serves as the hereditary material of all life on earth.)
RNA( acts as a messenger between DNA and other parts of the cell. Found in all types of cells)
49
Characteristics of unsaturated fats.... 6 things.
Contain less than maximum number of hydrogen's.
Liquid at room temperature
Higher amounts in plant products.
Contain double bonds, prevents stacking easily.
Bent Shape
More healthy.
50
What will happen if the amino acid is changed...
The protein might no perform its function..
51
Each kind of protein contains one or more______ with a unique sequences of amino acids.
Polypeptide.
52
These determine the overall properties of an organic compound
Functional Groups
53
Every polypeptide twists and folds into a.....
Unique three dimensional space.
54
A hydrogen bond, and the way in which water molecules tend to align themselves.
Negatively charged oxygen facing a positively charged hydrogen.
55
Aqueous Solution
A solution that contains a substance dissolved in water.
56
Monosaccharides
Building blocks of carbs.
57
Solvent
a dissolving agent
58
Which fat is a triglyceride that has no double bonds in their carbon/hydrogen chain?
Saturated fats... This makes them flat.
59
What forms the outer boundary of cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer.
60
Where can you find a triglyceride?
A typical dietary fat.
61
Hydrogenation?
A process that produce trans fat, a type of unsaturated fat that contains an unusual bond. These don't metabolize well.
62
Protein Structure..
All proteins are polymers made by joining amino acid monomers together.
63
Element
a basic substance that can't be broken down.
64
How many electrons can an atom share?
One, two, or three electrons can be shared
65
Monomer of carb is
Glucose.
66
What holds atoms together in a water molecule?
Polar covalent bonds
67
What body system controls pH in long run
Kidneys control pH
68
Electrons. Charge/Location
Negative charge/ Orbit nucleus at high speeds.
69
Why do fatty food have many calories?
Because within a triglyceride, the carbon/hydrogen chains in the fatty acid tails store a lot of energy.
70
Hemoglobin
Proteins found in red blood cells and carries oxygen through blood stream.
71
Polar bond
When electrons are shared unequally.
72
How are chemical reactions written?
Reactants on left --->>>> products on right
73
Matter is
anything that occupies space and has mass
74
Atomic number
determines the order the elements are listed in. Also corresponds to the number of protons.
75
Atomic weight
corresponds to the number of protons plus neutrons.
76
Actin
Protein that enables muscles to contract.
77
Neutrons. Charge/Location
No charge/ located in nucleus.
78
What determines an amino acid form and function?
The amino acid sequence.
79
Disaccharides
Double sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through a dehydration synthesis reaction.
80
Chemistry
Scientific study of matter.
81
What happens, chemically, in an aqueous solution
Small percentage of molecules break apart into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
82
How can you make an Unsaturated fat into a solid (A saturated fat)
Through a process called hydrogenation.
83
Monomer of lipid is..
Fatty acid.
84
Which fat is a triglyceride that have double bonds in their carbon/hydrogen chains?
Unsaturated fats.. This makes them healthier.
85
Enzyme
Required in almost every metabolic reaction. It's a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed itself.
86
What determines the overall structure of a protein?
The specific order of an amino acid.
87
Function of protein?
To produce muscle.
88
Buffers
Chemicals that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ ions when they are present in excess and donating H+ ions when they are in short supply.
89
Antibodies
proteins within your immune system that bind to foreign invaders marking them for destruction.
90
Atoms are usually bonded to each other to form....
molecules
91
Isotopes
variations of an element that differ in their neutron number.
92
Cholesterol function
Found in most animal cell membranes. Helps to maintain fluidity.
93
An atom becomes electrically charged
when an atom gains or loses electrons
94
Four classes of large organic molecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
95
Proteins
The most diverse bio molecule that plays an important role.
96
Polypeptide is a...
Long chain of amino acids.
97
What body system controls pH in short run
Pulmonary system controls pH
98
What essential functions does fat perform in the body?
```
Energy storage
cushioning
insulation
membrane function
hormone regulation
```
99
How many kinds of amino acids are there?
20.
100
Non polar bond
When electrons are shared equally.
101
Characteristics of Saturated fats... 6 things.
```
Contain max number of hydrogens
Solid at room temperature
Higher amounts in animal products.
All single bonds
Straight shape.
Less healthy.
```
102
Inhibitors
A molecule that can bind to an enzyme and disrupt its function.
103
Steroid Hormones
Lipids that contain four fused chemical rings made primarily of carbon.
104
What three physical states is matter found in?
Solid, liquid, gas
105
Acid Precipitation
When burning fossil fuels release chemicals that react with water in the air to form strong acids. They fall back to earth in form of snow, rain, or fog.
106
How are enzymes similar to proteins?
Their function depends on their shape. If you change the enzyme you change the function.
107
Metabolism
Sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body.
108
Anabolic steroids are..
Synthetic variants of testosterone.
109
Protons. Charge/Location
Positively charged/ located in nucleus
110
Acids
A chemical that, when dissolved in water, releases H+ ions.
111
Polypeptide
A long chain of amino acids.
112
Lipids do what for the body? (2 examples)
Long term energy and structure.
A bio molecule that's soluble in non polar solvents. (Coconut oil)
(Cholesterol, Circulates in the bloodstream and acts as a molecular ingredient to make a steroid hormone)
113
What type of molecule is water
polar molecule.. example.
