60. Pathology of the adrenal gland

Question 1

60-1. adrenal cortex

etiology of hyperaldosteronism

Answer 1

adrenal hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma

Question 2

60-1. adrenal cortex

complications of hyperaldosteronism

Answer 2

hypertension
hypokalemia
metabolic acidosis

Question 3

60-1. adrenal cortex

etiology of hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome) (3)

Answer 3

ACTH producing adenoma of pituitary gland
ectopic ACTH secretion
adrenal hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma

Question 4

60-1. adrenal cortex

clinical manifestations of cushing syndrome (6)

Answer 4

HTN
moon face
thin extremities
buffalo hump
immunosuppresion
osteoporosis

Question 5

60-1. adrenal cortex

etiology of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 5

enzymatic defect in cortisol production (21-hydroxylase)

Question 6

60-1. adrenal cortex

pathomechanism congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 6

lack of enzyme
low serum cortisol level
increased secretion of ACTH
adrenal hyperplasia

Question 7

60-1. adrenal cortex

etiology of adrenal insufficiency (2)

Answer 7

waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome

addison disease

Question 8

60-1. adrenal cortex

pathogenesis, consequences waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome

Answer 8

N. meningitidis infection

hemorrhagic necrosis of adrenal gland

Question 9

60-1. adrenal cortex

pathogenesis, consequences of addison disease

Answer 9

autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland

hypotension, fatigue, nausea

Question 10

60-2. adrenal medulla

tumor types of adrenal medulla

Answer 10

neuroblastoma : childhood tumor of immature nerve cell

pheochromocytoma : adult neuroendocrine tumor

Question 11

60-2. adrenal medulla

clinical manifestation of pheochromocytoma

Answer 11

episodic HTN, palpitation, headache, tachycardia, sweating

Question 12

60-2. adrenal medulla

characteristics of pheochromocytoma

Answer 12

rules of 10
10% familial : MEN syndrome, von-Hippel lindau syndrome
10% malignancy
10% bilateral
10% located outside adrenal medulla