67. brain edema, hydrocephalus, congenital malformations of the CNS

Question 1

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

types of disorder related to raised intracranial pressure (3)

Answer 1

cerebral edema
herniation
hydrocephalus

Question 2

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

definition of cerebral edema

Answer 2

accumulation of excess fluid within brain parenchyma

Question 3

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

pathomechanism of cerebral edema (2)

Answer 3

vasogenic edema : disruption of BBB (increased vascular permeability)
cytotoxic edema : secondary to neuronal, glial, endothelial cell membrane injury

Question 4

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of cerebral edema (3)

Answer 4

flattened gyri
narrowed sulci
compressed ventricular cavity

Question 5

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

types of brain herniation (3)

Answer 5

subfalcine herniation
transtentorial herniation
tonsilar herniation

Question 6

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of subfalcine herniation

Answer 6

displace of cingulate gyrus under edge of falx cerebri

Question 7

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

consequence of subfalcine herniation

Answer 7

compress anterior cerebral artery, cause ischemia of anterior cerebrum

Question 8

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of transtentorial herniation

Answer 8

medial aspect of temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of tentorium cerebelli

Question 9

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

consequence of transtentorial herniation (2)

Answer 9

compromised CN3, cause pupil dilation

compressed posterior cerebral artery, cause ischemia of primary visual cortex

Question 10

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of tonsilar herniation

Answer 10

displacement of cerebellar tonsil through foramen magnum

Question 11

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

consequence of tonsillar herniation

Answer 11

brainstem compression, compromises vital resporatory and cardiac center in medulla

Question 12

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

definition of hydrocephalus

Answer 12

increased CSF volume in ventricular system

Question 13

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

types of hydrocephalus (3)

Answer 13

communicating
non communicating
hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Question 14

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

cause of communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 14

decreased CSF reabsorption by arachnoid granulations

due to meningitis

Question 15

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 15

whole ventricular system will dilate

Question 16

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

cause of non communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 16

due to obstruction in the CSF flow

Question 17

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of non communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 17

dilation of part of ventricle

Question 18

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

cause of hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Answer 18

atrophy of brain due to infarct or degenerative disease

Question 19

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

morphology of hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Answer 19

dilation of ventricular system with compensatory increased CSF volume

Question 20

67-1. pathology of raised intracranial pressure

symptoms of hydrocephalus (2)

Answer 20

adult : expansion of ventricle

child : enlargement of head

Question 21

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

subtypes of neural tube defect (5)

Answer 21

anencephaly (ant. closure defect)
encephalocele (ant. closure defect)
meningocele (post. closure defect)
myelomeningocele (post. closure defect)
spina bifida (post. closure defect)

Question 22

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of anencephaly

Answer 22

absence of skull and brain

Question 23

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of encephalocele

Answer 23

diverticulum of malformed CNS tissue

Question 24

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS

morphology of spina bifida

Answer 24

asymptomatic bony defect, failure of posterior vertebral arch to closure

Question 25

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of meningocele

Answer 25

protrusion of meninges, contain spinal fluid

Question 26

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of myelomeningocele

Answer 26

protrusion of meninges and spinal cord

Question 27

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS subtypes of posterior fossa malformations (3)

Answer 27

chiari 1 malformation arnold chiari malformation dandy walker malformation

Question 28

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of chiari 1 malformation

Answer 28

cerebellar tonsil extend through foramen magnum

Question 29

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of arnold chiari malformation

Answer 29

downward displacement of cerebellar vermis and tonsils through foramen magnum

Question 30

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of dandy walker malformation

Answer 30

failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop

Question 31

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS subtypes of forebrain malformations (4)

Answer 31

megalencephaly and microencephaly lessencephaly and pachygyria polymicrogyria holoprosencephaly

Question 32

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS cause of megalencephaly and microencephlay (3)

Answer 32

chromosome abnormalities fetal alcohol syndrome HIV-1 infection in utero

Question 33

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of lissencephaly and pachygtria (2)

Answer 33

smooth surfaced brain | abnormally thickened cortex

Question 34

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of polymicrogyria

Answer 34

increased number of irregularly formed gyri

Question 35

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of holoprosencephaly

Answer 35

disruption of normal midline patterning

Question 36

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS subtypes of spinal cord amlformations (2)

Answer 36

hydromyelia | syringomyelia

Question 37

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of hydromyelia

Answer 37

dilation of ependyma lined central canal of spinal cord

Question 38

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS morphology of syringomyelia

Answer 38

formation of fluid filled cleft like cavity in the inner portion of the cord

Question 39

67-2. congenital malformations of CNS clinical symptoms of syringomyelia

Answer 39

sensory loss of pain and temperature