605 pt. 1Behavior Interventions

Question 1

In the article on Treatment Acceptability, Miltenberger (1990) quoted Kazdin and Wolf who “suggested that the term social validity refer to the”:

Answer 1

social significance of the target behavior and the appropriateness or the acceptability of the treatment procedure

Question 2

Acceptability refers to the judgments about the treatment procedures by:

Answer 2

nonprofessionals, lay persons, clients, and other potential consumers of treatments

Question 3

Analogue research is conducted by having researchers present the raters with a written case description and then the rater completes an acceptability rating scale (often a Likert scale) to rate the treatment as it applies to the problem behavior. Although this type of research takes less time it may lack:

Answer 3

ecological validity

Question 4

Several factors may influence acceptability among rates. The Miltenberger article stated that the following variables may influence treatment acceptability:

Answer 4

setting an individual works in, behavioral v. developmental orientation of staff, income and race of parents, age of rater - child or parent

Question 5

Reimers and Wacker (1988) demonstrated that the variables of effectiveness and compliance with a procedure are associated with:

Answer 5

treatment acceptability/social validity of the procedure

Question 6

In Iqbal (2002) ethical issues were involved in the implementation of a differential reinforcement of inappropriate behavior program for the treatment of social isolation and ritualistic behavior in an individual with intellectual disabilities. The author identifies the following ethical considerations associated a DRI program which incorporates removal of the patient’s meal after a certain amount of time.

Answer 6

-many staff felt it was ethically wrong to withdraw food, therefore the intervention was inconsistently implemented

-there was a lack of informed consent from the subject since he did not understand the issues in question, nor the treatment objectives

-removal of the food resulted in aggression and the need for restraint and seclusion

-all of the above

Question 7

Ethics help behavior analysts address three basic questions. Which question below is NOT one of the three basic questions designed to help behavior analysts?

Answer 7

How do I increase my client base?

Question 8

Section 2 of the Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts addresses which of the following areas?

Answer 8

Responsibility in Practice

Question 9

Obtaining informed consent prior to providing treatment is an ethical obligation associated with the role of the behavior analyst. This informed consent must meet the requirements of three essential components. They are:

Answer 9

information, capacity and voluntariness

Question 10

Elizabeth is a BCBA providing home services for a pre-school student with autism. His parents do not have family who are able to care for him as a result of his significant behavioral challenges. The parents ask Elizabeth if she would consider babysitting so that they could have a night out. What guidance does the Ethics Code give to Elizabeth?

Answer 10

The code clearly states that as a behavior analyst you must guard against multiple relationships and conflicts of interest

Question 11

Brodhead (2015) states that it is recommended that BCBA’s collaborate with related services professionals, when applicable. Brodhead states this is desirable because it can not only enhance treatment outcomes, but also contribute to what?

Answer 11

treatment fidelity

Question 12

Interventions are selected based on a combination of factors including and are directly linked to:

Answer 12

Functional Assessments

Question 13

Jessica is collecting data on a TPRA data sheet of one of her staff. The staff made 3 learn unit errors out of 20 learn units and took 14 minutes to implement the program. Calculate the staff member’s correct rate per minute. In other words, how many correct learn units did the staff member engage in per minute?

Answer 13

1.2 correct / minute

Question 14

Janaya is overseeing a clients home programming and every week that she co-visits with the client’s direct service staff, she collects some IOA data as well as treatment integrity data. Last week, when Janaya was out with the client, she got a report from one of the direct staff that the client had ‘mastered’ a particular program. After Janaya collected and analyzed treatment integrity data on this program, she realized that the staff was not implementing the intervention correctly and was, in fact, giving the answer away while she was running the program. This is called what?

Answer 14

false positive

Question 15

The strongest interventions are supported by what type of evidence?

Answer 15

Evidence of efficacy and effectiveness

Question 16

Brianna has verbally proposed an intervention to a client’s treatment team (parents, teachers and specialists). Afterward, she asked them to fill out a Pre-Intervention Rating Form. The form has 15 statements, each followed by a Likert scale (range of points 1 - 6, per item). A rating of 1 point, indicates that the rater strongly disagrees with the acceptability statement and a rating of 6 points, indicates that the rater strongly agrees with the acceptability statement. Brianna got rating forms back from all 5 raters. The average acceptability rating score was 30. Brianna should:

Answer 16

Reassess the intervention proposed

Question 17

Frida is a BCBA who has been transitioned on to a case of a client who engages in severe problem behavior. The client is a 17-year old male who resides at home with his parents and is able to adequately communicate his wants and needs (mand), can talk about his environment (tacts), and engages in conversations (intraverbals). Frida has noticed that the former therapist on the case had implemented a treatment procedure that was unsuccessful prior to his departure and when Frieda asked the family, including the client, about this intervention, they all expressed that the previous therapist, “Didn’t listen to us when we told him we didn’t understand. He just kept doing it and telling us to do it.”

First, identify if there has been an ethical violation by the previous therapist and then identify a description of the issue.

Answer 17

yes there has been an ethical violation of not including the client and stakeholders in treatment decisions

Question 18

The use of treatment integrity tools (e.g. TPRA) by behavior analysts when implementing programming is key to evaluating the relationships between the dependent variable and independent variables. The use of the TPRA treatment integrity tool can be a positive asset in increasing the _____________ of the intervention.

Answer 18

effectiveness

Question 19

Brodhead (2015) summaries that the use of social validity surveys presented to colleagues in a multidisciplinary team regarding BCBA behavior can assist the behavior analyst in what way?

Answer 19

-in evaluating the effectiveness of outcomes of the team
-in enhancing the professional behaviors of the analyst in the future
-in assessing the professional behavior of the analyst

all of the answer choices are correct

Question 20

A measure of procedural integrity is used to determine:

Answer 20

all of the answer choices are correct
-the consistency of the application of the independent variable
-whether confounding variables can be ruled out
- if the intervention has been implemented correctly

Question 21

Which of the following items below does NOT fall within the ethical responsibility of a behavior analyst?

Answer 21

become friends with the client and clients family

Question 22

Alan, a BCBA, is consulting with a teacher who reports that one of Alan’s students is throwing spitballs at classmates. The teacher collected frequency data for a week and reported that she believes the student’s behavior is motivated by peer attention. The BCBA, has a large caseload and will not be able to observe the student for 2 weeks. In the interim, the BCBA recommended a 5-minute non-exclusionary time-out with the student. He also instructs the teacher to continue taking data so that he can see if the time-out procedure is working. His supervisor reviews the and decided that it was missing a component. The missing key component is:

Answer 22

the concomitant use of a reinforcement procedure

Question 23

Scarlett has been collecting TPRA data on her staff when implementing a discrete trial program for one of the students she supervises. She has noticed that one particular staff member makes more than 50% errors on learn units every time she runs the program and has a very low rate of accuracy score. What should Scarlett’s next step be, given this information?

Answer 23

Scarlett should model correct implementation of the program with this staff member

Question 24

Treatment Acceptability is also known as:

Answer 24

Social Validity

Question 25

As a behavior analyst, sometimes we might come across situations in which we feel uncomfortable to speak up, either because we don’t want to cause waves or we aren’t fully sure we understand what is going on. Because our job requires us to maintain professional relationships and work collaboratively with others, we must be sure we don’t speak out of turn if it may cause a rift in that relationship.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

A discrete trial arrangement contains which of the following elements?

Answer 26

Sd, response/prompt, reinforcement/correction and a pause

Question 27

In this unit, you learned about three types of DTI arrangements. These are:

Answer 27

massed, spaced, and distributed

Question 28

A behavioral tactic known as DTI utilizes:

Answer 28

-systematically planned antecedents and consequences
-carefully planned number of repetitions of trials
-all answers are correct
-carefully structured sequences of trials

Question 29

Seeing a cracker, signing or requesting “cracker” (mand), and getting a cracker is a discrete trial arrangement in the natural setting.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

In applied behavior analysis, who is recognized for conducting a study of 38 children with autism (with 19 in treatment and 19 not in treatment) and concluding after two years that 47% of the children from the treatment group achieved normal intellectual and educational
functioning?

Answer 30

O. Ivar Lovaas

Question 31

Positive reinforcement is a:

Answer 31

Principle of behavior

Question 32

The way reinforcement is carried out is:

Answer 32

more important than the amount and thought to be more important than the stimuli itself

Question 33

Reinforcement results in:

Answer 33

an increase in future frequency of behaviors that immediately precede it

Question 34

The three aspects that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement are:

Answer 34

immediacy, stimulus conditions, and motivating operations

Question 35

The following are examples of unconditioned reinforcers:

Answer 35

food, water, warmth

Question 36

The Premack principle, also known as Grandma’s rule, involves a first this and then that sequence. Which of the following best describes the typical application of this tactic:

Answer 36

less preferred/more challenging first then highly preferred/less challenging task

Question 37

The article presented in this unit, written by Homme et al. (1963) exemplifies:

Answer 37

a preliminary, unsystematic application of the Premack hypothesis

Question 38

Aubrey Daniels is featured in the video clip for this unit. Inspired by the work of B. F. Skinner and other behavioral scientists, Daniels began to consider how the Premack principle could be applied in the workplace. He discussed the Premack principle as a means to:

Answer 38

increase ones personal productivity and satisfaction at work

Question 39

Premack’s principle states: If behavior B is of higher probability than behavior A, then behavior A can be made more probable by making behavior B contingent upon it.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

The low-probability behavior, of the 3 year olds, in the Homme et al. (1963) study was:

Answer 40

sitting in chairs when instructed to

Question 41

Extinction is:

Answer 41

a tactic for behavior change

all answers are correct

a principle of behavior

a method of behavior change

Question 42

Lerman & Iwata (1996) describe extinction of operant behavior as a process that involves terminating the reinforcement contingency that maintains a response, which results in a reduction in the behavior’s occurrence over time.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

In applied research, the most frequently noted characteristic of extinction is:

Answer 43

The extinction burst

Question 44

Exposing a behavior to extinction in one situation can lead to an increase of the behavior in another (untreated) situations. This phenomenon is referred to as:

Answer 44

behavioral contrast

Question 45

After extinction has been achieved, responding sometimes temporarily reappears. This is referred to as:

Answer 45

spontaneous recovery

Question 46

This type of differential reinforcement results in the reduction of some behavior by reinforcing an incompatible behavior:

Answer 46

DRI

Question 47

This type of differential reinforcement increases behavior by reinforcing appropriate behavior and focuses on developing functional alternative behaviors:

Answer 47

DRA

Question 48

This type of differential reinforcement reduces behavior to zero occurrences by focusing
on increasing the time of non-occurrence:

Answer 48

DRO

Question 49

This type of differential reinforcement focuses on reducing behavior to acceptable levels by reducing the number of occurrences:

Answer 49

DRL

Question 50

Differential reinforcement generally includes the omission of reinforcement that previously maintained the behavior. This behavioral principle is known as:

Answer 50

Extinction

Question 51

What type of response is taught when using Functional Communication Training?

Answer 51

communicative

Question 52

What is the best first step to implementing a Functional Communication Training program?

Answer 52

conduct a functional analysis

Question 53

What is one advantage of the use of Functional Communication Training to decrease problem behavior over the use of other reductive procedures?

Answer 53

procedures have high social validity

Question 54

Which of the following procedures describes the best alternative response in an FCT procedure for a vocal-verbal 5-year-old who engages in aggression and the function of the aggression is attention.

Answer 54

taping shoulder of adult

Question 55

Which of the following describes the best alternative response for a non-vocal 8-year-old who engages in self-injury and the function of the self-injury is escape.

Answer 55

touching a card that says ‘break’

Question 56

The most notable behavior analysts associated with the use of discrete trial teaching methodologies are:

Answer 56

Lovaas and Skinner

Question 57

_________ is said to occur when the application of the independent variable during later stages of the treatment differs from it’s application at the outset.

Answer 57

treatment drift

Question 58

BCBA John is implementing programming with his client working on the skill of matching. John presents a stimulus to the client, requires the client touch the stimulus, removes the card, then presentes an array of 3 picture cards on the table in front of the client and says ‘find the same’. Currently, John is waiting 2 seconds before moving the correct stimulus closer to the client. Once the client selects the correct stimulus, John provides a token and then pauses about 4 seconds before presenting the next trial. What is described here?

Answer 58

a discrete trial

Question 59

Jessica emits minor disruptive behaviors when asked to complete math worksheets, such as grunting and huffing. An FBA suggests these behaviors are escape maintained. A preference assessment indicates that playing table hockey is a preferred activity.

Given the information provided in this scenario, which of the following is an example of how the Premack Principle may be employed?

Answer 59

Jessica is told that if she asks to take a break before she engages in disruptive behavior during math worksheets, she can play table hockey during the class break.

Question 60

Marco recently implemented a functional communication training procedure with his client. After the first few weeks of running the intervention, the classroom staff report that the behavior has not decreased and they are not seeing many instances of the alternative/communicative response. Which option below provides an explanation to explore regarding the lack of progress the client is making.

Answer 60

-the schedule of reinforcement for the alternative response is too thin
-all choices are correct
-the reinforcing stimuli for the problem behavior may have been identified incorrectly
-the appropriate communicative behavior requires a higher response effort than the problem behavior

Question 61

Which differential reinforcement schedule involves providing reinforcement at the end of a specific period of time if the instances of behavior are less than a specific number, and where that number is gradually decreased across time intervals?

Answer 61

differential reinforcement of diminishing rates

Question 62

Extinction is the procedure of 1) ______ the delivery of a reinforcer contingent upon the occurrence of a specified target behavior and noting an eventual 2) _______ in the rate of the behavior.

Answer 62

withholding, reduction

Question 63

Harry was working with Janice to increase the number of tacts (labels) she engaged in throughout her day. Currently, Harry provides contingent escape (she can leave the table) every time Janice tacts an average of 8 items. What schedule of reinforcement is Harry using?

Answer 63

variable ratio

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of discrete trial instruction (DTI):

Answer 64

all accomplishments are the result of learner direction

Question 65

Marianne engaged in the behavior of face slapping at rates that were high enough to leave a red mark on her face after an episode of the behavior. Her instructors decided to implement a reinforcement procedure to try to get Marianne to engage in some other behaviors and reduce the amount of time she spent engaging in face slapping. Which description below best fits the most effective way to implement a reinforcement procedure.

Answer 65

reinforce every response of the alternative behavior

Question 66

Meghan was working in a rat laboratory during graduate school, running experiments evaluating the effects of different schedules on the behavior of the rats. Meghan was placing her rats under an extinction schedule and noticed that after the behavior had decreased to near zero levels, she would, all of a sudden, see behavior occur back at the previous levels of performance. This phenomenon Meghan witnessed is known as:

Answer 66

spontaneous recovery

Question 67

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction:

Answer 67

intermittent

Question 68

Fred doesn’t like to hear the school bell ring from inside the classroom as it is extremely loud, often leading to crying. His instructors have implemented a procedure allowing him to request to leave the room 1 minute before the bell rings to avoid the intense noise. Which procedure is described above?

Answer 68

DNRA

Question 69

A group of employees is fed up with a fellow co-workers “gossiping” behavior during coffee breaks. This behavior involves talking about other (not present) workers’ personal and private matters. While this behavior is permissible among the group from time to time, the “gossiper” in question engages in the behavior far too often. The employees implemented a successful intervention: each day, at the start of the coffee break, the co-workers would covertly track the # of instances of gossip that were emitted. If the “gossiper” engaged in 3 instances, the employees made excuses and walked away. If, however, the “gossiper” engaged in less than 3 instances, all the co-workers stayed and visited with the gossiper.

Which differential reinforcement procedure does this scenario exemplify?

Answer 69

DRL

Question 70

Timothy was a supervising BCBA who took quite a bit of TPRA data on his staff. He discovered that one particular student was not making progress on a program, despite the fact that the staff that implemented the program did so with 100% procedural integrity. What would Timothy’s next steps be, given this information gathered from the TPRA data?

Answer 70

-all answer choices are correct
-determine if he should go back and reteach a component of the behavior necessary for completion of this new program
-assess whether generalization from other skills learned played a factor in minimal progress
-assess whether the student had the necessary prerequisite skills for the program

Question 71

When running a discrete trial procedure, an instructor begins with mass trials (i.e. presenting the same target multiple times in a row) and fades in distractors. For example, if the target is denoted by the letter “A” and the distractor is denoted by the letter “B”, the presentation of targets in a DTI format may look like:

AAAA B AAA B AA B A B

What discrete trial arrangement is this?

Answer 71

Collapsing trials

Question 72

John was a night manager at a gas station in a busy city. His store closed at 1am every night but there were stores around him that remained open. He would often see employees or frequent customers of other shops come to his doors after 1am and try to open the doors. Often, these people would pull on the doors for 10-15 seconds, trying to open the locked doors, before giving up and walking away. Eventually, John stopped seeing the employees of the other shops come to his door. Which answer below describes why this occurred.

Answer 72

reinforcement for pulling on the doors was withheld as the doors no longer opened, therefore responding decreased

Question 73

Heather is using a DRA procedure with her client to reduce instances of calling out in the classroom. She is teaching the client to raise their hand and wait to be called on when they would like to contribute to the conversation. After about 4 weeks, Heather noticed that the client’s rate of calling out has decreased to near-zero levels. What is the next step Heather should take in the treatment of the calling out behavior?

Answer 73

thin the schedule of reinforcement for the alternative behavior

Question 74

Danielle was just starting work at an agency providing services to adults in a nursing home. She spent the first few weeks of employment observing her co-workers working and interacting with a few clients she would be assigned to work with after the training period. One of the instructional arrangements Danielle observed often was the client and the instructor sitting next to each other on the couch and the instructor would have a photo album with pictures of the client’s family and friends. She observed the instructor most often pointing to a picture and asking the client who it was. If the client correctly labeled the person, the instructor would smile and tell a brief story about the family member pictured, which seemed to make the client happy. Which type of instructional arrangement is described here.

Answer 74

discrete trial instruction

Question 75

Hermonie is constantly raising her hand during each class period to answer the questions the teachers asks the group. The teachers want her to contribute but don’t want her to monopolize the class discussion. Each teacher sets a limit for Hermonie’s contributions at three during their period (e.g math period, english period). If Hermonie limits her contributions to three or fewer during each class period, she gets to be the teacher’s assistant the next period. If she goes above three, another student is picked to be the assistant and the teacher ignores her hand raises. Which procedure is described below

Answer 75

differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior

Question 76

Mrs. Jones provides in home services and is utilizing the Premack Principle with one of her clients. The client’s low probability behavior is homework and the high probability behavior is coloring. Which situation described below would be most likely to reduce the effects of the Premack Principle in this case?

Answer 76

continuous free access to coloring

Question 77

Sarah was successful in reducing Bob’s aggressive behaviors through the use of a differential reinforcement of alternative behavior procedure. After about 3 months, she was able to systematically remove the intervention and behaviors have maintained at zero rates for the last 3 weeks. However, this week, Sarah has noticed a slight uptick in the rate of aggression and upon further investigation, she notes that the alternative response she trained (to replace aggression) is no longer being delivered, which deviates from the plan she left for the team. What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon?

Answer 77

resurgence

Question 78

Which type of differential reinforcement procedure is functional communication training?

Answer 78

DRA

Question 79

Jennifer is working in a clinic with a client who emits aggressive behaviors toward others for the primary function of escape, as identified in a functional analysis. The client has a limited verbal repertoire and is unable to emit vocal responses. She implemented an FCT procedure to reduce the aggression and increase an appropriate alternative response. She taught the client to clap his hands whenever there was an MO establishing escape as an effective reinforcer. Jessica was successful in reducing the aggression and increasing clapping in the clinic, but the parents report he is still having difficulties at home and in the community. Select the option that describes the most parsimonious concern with Jennifer’s intervention.

Answer 79

there was low social recognition of the alternative response

Question 80

Which answer below describes a pragmatic view of positive reinforcement:

Answer 80

presenting the iPad for correctly completing math problems increased the number of math problems the student correctly completed

Question 81

Cooper et al. (2007) describe negative reinforcement in the context of a four- term contingency. The four terms are:

Answer 81

establishing operations, discriminative stimuli, response and negative reinforcement

Question 82

The following is an example of negative reinforcement. Your significant other has been nagging you to mow the lawn for days, you walk outside and notice the grass is almost a foot tall, you pull out the lawn mower and mow the lawn, your significant other stops nagging you.

Answer 82

True

Question 83

Children with feeding problems present a unique challenge to parents. Many of these children have experienced medical problems that are likely to be associated with physical discomfort when eating. Even after the medical problems have been resolved, many children still refuse food and parents continue to remove or postpone the demand to eat the food. When this behavior continues to occur in the future, we can say that the continued refusal is maintained by:

Answer 83

negative reinforcement

Question 84

In this procedure, a behavior previously maintained by negative reinforcement is no longer followed by the termination or postponement of the aversive stimulus. What is this procedure?

Answer 84

escape extinction

Question 85

Exposure to this schedule of reinforcement can increase resistance to extinction:

Answer 85

intermittent reinforcement

Question 86

The respective result of positive and negative punishment is best described as:

Answer 86

decrease/decrease

Question 87

In positive punishment the addition of a stimulus to the environment is considered a(n)

Answer 87

operation

Question 88

Fran has just worked a 16 hour day at the hotel where she is employed. She has been on her feet all day and as a result, they are very sore. As soon as she gets home, she sits down on her couch and takes her shoes off, and immediately she feels relief! Which of the following describes the effect the motivating operation has on her behavior and the reinforcer in this example.

Answer 88

evocative and establishing

Question 89

“A process in which a consequence to a behavior results in a reduction of the future frequency of the behavior or similar behaviors” (Gulick & Kitchen, 2007) is known as:

Answer 89

punishment

Question 90

A stimulus that is added immediately after the occurrence of a behavior that results in a decrease in the future likelihood that the behavior will occur again is:

Answer 90

positive punishment

Question 91

If a stimulus is removed contingent upon a behavior and the result is a decrease in the future likelihood that the behavior will occur again, is known as:

Answer 91

negative punishment

Question 92

Which of the following is not an unconditioned punisher?

Answer 92

verbal reprimand

Question 93

A procedure that includes removing a child from access to reinforcement for a period of time following an occurrence of behavior is called:

Answer 93

time out

Question 94

Contingent loss of money, tokens or privileges are examples of:

Answer 94

response cost

Question 95

The 3 types of group contingencies are:

Answer 95

dependent, independent and interdependent

Question 96

An agreement between two or more persons that lists specific behaviors the parties will perform and the consequences that will result is known as:

Answer 96

behavioral contract

Question 97

An arrangement in which the consequences depend, at least in part, on the behavior of other group members is called a:

Answer 97

group contingency

Question 98

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a group contingency?

Answer 98

group contingencies can set the occasion for participants to become scapegoats

Question 99

The 3 major components in a behavioral contract are:

Answer 99

description of the task, description of the reward, task record

Question 100

In a token economy it is important to carefully select the type of token for use with each student. Which is NOT an example of good choices for tokens?

Answer 100

constructed in a way that has significant reinforcing qualities of their own

Question 101

Backup reinforcers are:

Answer 101

tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens

Question 102

When designing a token economy it is important to:

Answer 102

-identify target behaviors and rules
-select appropriate tokens
-establish a ratio of exchange
-Correct!
-all answer choices are correct

Question 103

The ratio of exchange in a token economy refers to:

Answer 103

the ratio between earned tokens and the price of the backup reinforcers

Question 104

It is important to plan to fade and eventually terminate the token economy because:

Answer 104

it is important to move from contrived schedules of reinforcement to more naturally occurring contingencies

Question 105

Response cost (token removal following the display of problem behavior) is not allowed as part of a token economy

Answer 105

False

Question 106

The 2 basic categories of instructional prompts are:

Answer 106

stimulus prompts and response prompts

Question 107

Response classes are divided into 2 main groups. They are:

Answer 107

functional classes and topographical classes

Question 108

Response prompts include:

Answer 108

physical prompts

all answer choices are correct

modeling prompts

verbal prompt

Question 109

Stimulus prompts include:

Answer 109

gestural prompt

positional prompt

highlighting prompt

Correct!

all answer choices are correct

Question 110

When a particular stimulus reliably brings about specific behavior, it is said that the behavior is:

Answer 110

under stimulus control

Question 111

Prompt dependency can be avoided if we select prompts that can be easily faded.

Answer 111

True

Question 112

Rules and instructions are:

Answer 112

antecedent interventions

Question 113

Which is the most studied antecedent intervention?

Answer 113

the high-p instructional sequence

Question 114

A statement that describes the reasons a child should comply with a caregiver-delivered instruction is referred to as a(n):

Answer 114

rationale

Question 115

Which of the following describes rule-governed behavior?

Answer 115

-rules can control future behavior

-rule governed behavior increases or decreases behavior without contacting consequences

-all answer choices are correct

-responses are controlled by verbal description of the contingency

Question 116

Rules and instructions are a specific kind of consequence intervention that specifies for the learner what they should do, and typically what the consequences will be if the learner does this.

Answer 116

False

Question 117

Behavioral momentum is a(n):

Answer 117

antecedent intervention

Question 118

Behavioral momentum is also referred to as:

Answer 118

high-probability request sequence

Question 119

The procedure for behavioral momentum requires the teacher to:

Answer 119

Give 3-5 short-mastered tasks at a fast pace, each success followed by praise. Then the target task is presented

Question 120

Behavioral momentum is based on the theory that providing a dense schedule of reinforcement is likely to result in:

Answer 120

resistance to any disruptions that may be associated with low-p requests

Question 121

In order for behavioral momentum to be effective in treating noncompliance, the clinician should consider:

Answer 121

all answer choices are correct

Question 122

Negative punishment is defined by:

1) operation

2) effect

They are:

Answer 122

1) removal of a stimulus, 2) decrease behavior

Question 123

At the start of class, a professor tells all students in the group to ensure their cell phones are on silent. During class, your cell phone starts to ring. The professor now stops lecturing and, in front of the whole class, sternly tells you to turn the phone off immediately. You turn your phone off. In the future, you never leave your ringer on during class. This is an example of:

Answer 123

positive punishment

Question 124

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Answer 124

loud noise present, child asks for noise to be terminated, noise terminated, verbal behavior (manding) increases

Question 125

Molly has 4 children between the ages of 5 and 12. Dinner time at Molly’s house is chaotic! One issue that Molly has during this time is getting her children to “clear their plates”, especially her 5 year old, Jaxon. She decides to implement a group continency. She tells her children that if Jaxon clears his plate, everyone can have a scoop of ice cream for dessert. If Jaxon does not clear his plate, no one can have ice cream.

Is this a group contingency? And if so, which type of group contingency is it?

Answer 125

this is a dependent group contingency

Question 126

Positive reinforcement is defined by:

1) operation

2) effect

They are:

Answer 126

1) addition of a stimulus 2) increase behavior

Question 127

Mr. Grey is a school teacher who often has class sizes that contain 25 or more students and classroom management is difficult for him. He has implemented a procedure where any time a child speaks out of turn, to another student during a lecture, or without raising his or her hand, he will deduct 5 points off one of their daily homework assignments. What is a potential issue Mr. Grey must be aware of before using this type of procedure?

Answer 127

-this procedure can produce more intense behaviors such as verbal outbursts from students
-this procedure can cause students to begin engaging in alternative behaviors such as passing notes
-this procedure can produce strong reactions from the students against Mr. Grey

-all of the answer choices are correct

Question 128

The Good Behavior Game (Barrish, Saunders & Wolf, 1969) is a game that involves two teams. The teacher monitors student misbehavior and sets a criterion to lower the overall misbehavior for the class (this is a differential reinforcement of lower rates procedure). All students assigned to each team work toward meeting the criterion set by the teacher. The class will only receive a reinforcer if each player on the team meets the criterion. If anyone does not meet the criterion, no one in the group will receive the reinforcer. What type of group contingency does the Good Behavior Game employ?

Answer 128

interdependent contingency

Question 129

Which of the following steps should be taken when designing a token economy program?

Answer 129

write procedures to specify when & how tokens will be dispensed & what will happen if the requirement is not met

Question 130

Suzanne was walking her dogs while she was wearing flip flops and she tripped and fell, scraping her knee. Now, whenever Suzanne walks her dogs she wears secure sneakers to avoid tripping. With regard to the behavior of wearing her sneakers, which principle is in effect?

Answer 130

negative reinforcement

Question 131

When is negative reinforcement parsimonious?

Answer 131

when it is the least restrictive, and most simple procedure to implement in a given setting

Question 132

Annette has a new puppy named Zeus. Zeus is adorable, but full of energy. When people approach him, he often jumps on them, resulting in physical attention from both Annette and whoever Zeus has jumped on. Zeus is getting bigger and so Annette decides she needs to get this behavior under control. Any time someone approaches Zeus, Annette asks the person to give Zeus lots of love and affection if all four paws are on the ground; if he jumps, the person should turn their back to him and walk away.

What type of procedure is Annette using in this scenario?

Answer 132

differential reinforcemetn

Question 133

Mr. Smith was having difficulty managing 6 students in his reading support group. Mr. Smith decided to implement a token economy for these students. The program involved listing the students’ names on the board and assigning 1 point per student for every 15 minutes that went by without any disruptions. At the end of the 60 minute instructional block, any student that earned 4 points received a homework pass for 1 assignment that day. What is wrong with Mr. Smith’s use of the token economy program?

Answer 133

Mr. Smith is only using a token system because there is only one back-up reinforcer; in order for this to be a token economy, there needs to be several back-up reinforcers

Question 134

When discussing time-out procedures, which of the following options best describes exclusionary time-out:

Answer 134

student is removed from the instructional area/ context

Question 135

Jenny will implement an extinction procedure with her son, Joey. In the past he would continually ask to go out to dinner at a certain fast food restaurant even after she told him they were not going. Previously, Jenny would tell him no and then provide excuses for why they could not go each time he continued to ask. Sometimes she would give in and take him after he continued to ask. She thinks the purpose of his asking is to talk her into getting what he wants - fast food. She is going to start her extinction procedure today and it will look closest to which of the following:

Answer 135

Joey asks his mom to go out to dinner for fast food, Jenny says, “We are having pizza for dinner at home” then no longer responds to additional pleas to go out to eat

Question 136

Molly develops a contingency contract for one of her students. Part of the contract specifies that if the student completes all of her homework assignments each week, then the student will receive an ice cream pass to the school cafeteria. In this example, the student engages in a desirable behavior and then receives access to a preferred item. The program is successful and the student has increased homework completion from one day a week to five days a week. What behavior principle is this contingency contract employing?

Answer 136

positive reinforcemetn

Question 137

Mario sets up a behavior contract with his roommate to work toward decreasing Mario’s cigarette smoking. As part of the contract, Mario agrees to pay $20.00 to his roommate if Mario smokes any cigarettes in a week. The program results in a decrease in Mario’s cigarette smoking. What behavior principle is being used in this contract?

Answer 137

negative punishment

Question 138

Jamie often swipes his food off of the table when he has finished eating during lunch at school. His instructors have decided that immediately following his last bite of food, they will take the tray from him and bring it up to the counter, thus they avoid the chaos of the food flying everywhere and upsetting the other students and staff.

Which best explains why the instructors have chosen to intervene in this way?

Answer 138

this intervention produces a negative reinforcer for the instructor

Question 139

A learner is told “No!” following an error in the context of discrete trial instruction. Over the next few trials, errors decrease. This is best described as:

Answer 139

punishment

Question 140

Hannah Smith has 4 sisters and grew up living in a large farm house. It was widely known that each Friday night, the Smith sisters were required to complete their household chores before they could go anywhere for the weekend. Their mother and father told them that if all 5 of them completed their chores on Friday night, than they could all go out and do whatever they wished on Saturday and Sunday. However, if someone didnt complete their list, then none of them were allowed the freedom. Hannah loved her Saturday walks at the beach and so if one of her sisters decided to dilly-dally on Friday night, she would help her finish after she finished her own list.

Which group contingency is described above?

Answer 140

dependent
independent
hero procedure

-none of the answer choices are correct

Question 141

When Bonnie was a child, she would often be reprimanded for sassing her mother. Bonnie did not like being reprimanded and so she stopped sassing her mother. However, often during the reprimand, her mother would also wag her finger at her. When Bonnie was a teenager, she sassed her mother and her mother only had to wag her finger in order for the sassing to stop and not occur again.

Which best describes the rationale for why Bonnie’s behavior decreased when her mother only wagged her finger at her?

Answer 141

wagging of the finger was a conditioned punisher that became so by being paired with the reprimand

Question 142

When Midge collected some TPRA data on one of her staff members, Betty, she realized that Betty was not implementing the program correctly. This was indicated by several errors in Betty’s application of the programmed antecedents and consequences for the program.

What is an issue for Midge that can arise from this low treatment integrity?

Answer 142

Midge may not be able to interpret the results of the student’s performance with confidence

Question 143

Billy is participating in a token economy program in his classroom. Billy seems really motivated to earn tokens, however, once he earns them, he plays with them for the remainder of the instructional period. The tokens have now become a distraction during Billy’s lessons. Billy’s teacher would like to discontinue the program because of this. Marcia, the BCBA responsible for the token economy implementation, has a different recommendation. What does Marcia recommend?

Answer 143

-all answer choices are correct
-deliver the tokens to Billy in a clear, sealed container so that he may see how many he has earned, but can no longer play with them during lessons
-decrease the reinforcing quality of the token itself
-switch to using check marks on a white board instead of manipulatable tokens

Question 144

Mr. N has designed a new token economy for his language group. He is very excited to implement the program and after creating a back-up menu of reinforcers, identifying tokens/exchange rate and reviewing the plan with his students, Mr. N begins to use the contingency. About 1 week in, Mr. N notices that some of the students in the language group already display many of the behaviors targeted in the program. Mr. N then realizes that he skipped a step prior to implementation. If he had completed this step, then he would identified students that already exceeded or met the expectation. What design step did Mr. N skip?

Answer 144

he did not conduct a field test

Question 145

Jennifer teaches history and is feeling as if her students aren’t doing the textbook reading each night. She has decided to put in place a group contingency to increase some motivation to complete the readings and participate in class. Which item below describes a rationale for why Jennifer’s classroom situation is a good fit for a group contingency?

Answer 145

-all answer choices are correct
-to facilitate positive interactions
-she can use the peer influences in her class to help motivate others
-individual contingencies are impractical to use

Question 146

Astrid is going to implement a punishment procedure with her student, Ron. Ron engages in head slaps and Astrid has tried every reinforcement procedure she can think of and the behavior persists. Ron doesn’t like it when Astrid sings, so every time Ron engages in head slapping, Astrid is going to sing a verse from a song. Assuming that head slapping reduces over time, what type of punishment is Astrid using?

Answer 146

type 1 punishment

Question 147

When utilizing a non-contingent reinforcement procedure, reinforcement is delivered on a(n):

Answer 147

fixed or variable time schedule

Question 148

When using noncontingent, reinforcement the practitioner is intending to:

Answer 148

provide the client with levels of reinforcement sufficient to drive down the MO for engaging in problem behavior

Question 149

Which of the following would reflect the best treatment strategy for a client whose behavior was maintained by negative reinforcement?

Answer 149

providing escape on a time based schedule in the hope of reducing or diminishing the MO for escape

Question 150

In order to design an effective NCR treatment the practitioner should:

Answer 150

conduct an assessment to determine the function of the target behavior

Question 151

Who is best known for experiments that showed that respondent behavior can come under the control of novel or neutral stimuli?

Answer 151

Ivan Pavlov

Question 152

Eye blinking, infantile sucking, salivating and sweating are examples of:

Answer 152

reflexive behaviors

Question 153

The smell of meat powder (unconditioned stimulus) causes dogs to salivate. When the meat powder is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. a tone) the neutral stimulus alone can elicit salivation. This type of learning is called:

Answer 153

respondent conditioning

Question 154

Carroll & Klatt (2008) examined the effects of a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure on the frequency of target sounds emitted by their subjects. Each trial in the procedure consisted of the experimenter saying the target sound three times in a row. This was immediately followed by:

Answer 154

the presentation of the preferred stimulus

Question 155

Over time, through the pairing of a primary reinforcer and a neutral environmental stimulus, the neutral stimulus:

Answer 155

begins to take on the reinforcing value of the primary reinforcer it was previously associated with

Question 156

Timothy was working with a student, running a discrete trial procedure to teach conditional discrimination of sight words. The student scored 0 on all trials during baseline and so when Timothy implemented the intervention, he began to implement an errorless teaching procedure. This procedure began with a full-physical prompt provided simultaneously with the discriminative stimulus. After several days, the data showed that the student was responding with 100% accuracy at this prompt level. What would Timothy’s next step be in implementing this procedure?

Answer 156

fade the prompt level to a partial-physical prompt

Question 157

Which of the following is an example of a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

Answer 157

money

Question 158

What are the three main components of a behavior contract?

Answer 158

a description of the task, a description of the reward and the task record

Question 159

Which type of prompt is a positional prompt, such as moving the correct choice closer to the learner?

Answer 159

stimulus prompt

Question 160

A disadvantage of a token economy program is:

Answer 160

the system can be considered intrusive

Question 161

Mario sets up a behavior contract with his roommate to work toward decreasing Mario’s cigarette smoking. As part of the contract, Mario agrees to pay $20.00 to his roommate if Mario smokes any cigarettes in a week. The program results in a decrease in Mario’s cigarette smoking. What behavior principle is being used in this contract?

Answer 161

negative punishment

Question 162

Marcus is a 2nd grade student in a regular education classroom who has some difficulty following the behaviors of his peers when learning to engage in or abstain from particular behaviors. For example, if Marcus is participating in an art project with a small group of his peers, he will often simply take the art materials he needs instead of asking for something, even if someone else is using it. His teacher reports this type of behavior across many scenarios but also has reported that if she tells Marcus to ask before taking, he is very responsive. His educational team is looking to put together some supports for Marcus that will be effective in helping build his social relationships but will be relatively unobtrusive. Which intervention below would be the best choice to begin with?

Answer 162

a rule card stating specific social contingencies

Question 163

Which of the following is NOT one of the guidelines for implementing a group contingency:

Answer 163

using the group contingency in isolation

Question 164

Heather is looking to decrease refusal to work in one of her students.

Assuming that the function of the behavior is escape, which example below would be the best procedure(s) to use given the information you currently have?

Answer 164

extinction for refusal plus token economy for appropriate responding

Question 165

When using a progressive model of discrete trial training, the instructor should select trial targets and placement of stimuli based upon __________.

Answer 165

the learner

Question 166

Which type of response prompt procedure inserts a specified (programmed) period of time before delivering the prompt to transfer stimulus control?

Answer 166

time delay

Question 167

When implementing a token economy, as with all other interventions, the behavior analyst must remember to adhere to the BACB Ethics Code. Which of the following is an ethical consideration specific to the use of token economies (select the best answer)?

Answer 167

the behavior analyst should not withhold items that would be considered basic rights, such as adequate nourishment

Question 168

Which of the following is an example of a behavior in which a differential reinforcement of high rate behavior would be appropriate to use?

Answer 168

appropriate requesting

Question 169

A group contingency as part of which the behavior of one group member affects the outcome for all participants participating in the contingency is called:

Answer 169

dependent

Question 170

Karen is working with her student to get him to set the table in the classroom prior to lunch time every day. Karen provides the stimuli to the student (plates, napkins, and cups) and after setting up one place setting, instructs the student to set the table. Karen is using what type of prompt procedure in this example?

Answer 170

model response prompt

Question 171

Sd, response/prompt, reinforcement/correction, and a pause describes which procedure:

Answer 171

discrete trial training

Question 172

Ruth is developing an intervention using the high-probability response sequence for her client who has difficulty getting started with his chores. The client has good listener discrimination skills (response to “touch XX”), and mands, but does not consistently emit other verbal behavior. Which choice below provides an example of how Ruth may utilize the high-p response sequence for this client?

Answer 172

Present several receptive language tasks (ex: “touch the sink”, “give me the toothpaste”, etc), reinforcing completion of these tasks on an FR1 schedule, before presenting an instruction to begin the first choice

Question 173

Which behavior below can be changed by the use of a contingency contract?

Answer 173

-completion of mathematics homework
-all answer choices are correct
-aggression
-chores

Question 174

Musolff (2023) noted that cognitive theories typically explain the behavior/motivation relationship in terms of internal ‘drive states’; however, behavior analysts view these quite differently in terms of:

Answer 174

reinforcement and motivational operations

Question 175

Motivational operations have two distinct functions, these are:

Answer 175

value altering and frequency altering

Question 176

Mary is trying to determine if an antecedent event is discriminative or motivational. She applies the two simple tests proposed by Langthorne & McGill (2009) to examine this. First, she notes that the antecedent event is likely to be followed by reinforcement. Next, she found that in the absence of the antecedent event, reinforcement is not available for this class of responses. Therefore she determined the antecedent event was a(n)

Answer 176

discriminative stimulus

Question 177

Events that acquire their value and behavior altering effects as a result of a person’s evolutionary history are termed:

Answer 177

UMOs

Question 178

A teacher presents a bottle of bubbles to a student. The student indicates excitement. The student accepts the bubbles but cannot open the bottle. He then hands the bubbles back to the teacher and says, “Open.” The value of bubbles as a reinforcer evoked the appropriate mand. This is a description of a(n)

Answer 178

CMO-T

Question 179

June has a history of engaging in self-injury. However, after a successful intervention combining both functional communication training and extinction, she now requests for a staff to play with her in lieu of self-injury. One day, her staff report that June engaged in significantly higher rates of self-injury (equal to pre-intervention rates). Upon investigation, there were 0 environmental variables that would cause this. A few days later, the staff report that June’s rate of self-injury decreased back to 0 rates. What is this phenomenon called?

Answer 179

spontaneous recovery

Question 180

The process of pairing results in all but the following:

Answer 180

a non-reinforcing stimulus becoming a primary reinforcer or punisher

Question 181

Johnny engages in aggression whenever he wants food. His mother is having a difficult time managing his behavior, especially around meal times because she wants everyone to sit and eat together. Johnny’s BCBA has recommended implementing an FCT procedure.

How will the BCBA best describe how this procedure works to Johnny’s mom?

Answer 181

“The use of FCT will teach Johnny other words to use to request food meanwhile reduce his need to hit to get the food.”

Question 182

The process of presenting two stimuli together so that the stimulus control will transfer from one stimulus to the other is known as:

Answer 182

pairing

Question 183

According to the authors of the article titled Further Evaluations of Antecedent Interventions on Compliance (Wilder et al., 2012), what is a rationale?

Answer 183

a statement that describes a reason a child should comply with the caregivers instructions

Question 184

The contingency statement: “First do your homework, then you can play video games”, where homework is non-preferred and video games are preferred, is an example of which of the following:

Answer 184

premack principle

Question 185

“Clap your hands” - mastered, “touch your head” - mastered, “stomp your feet”- mastered, “two plus two equals what?” - skill in acquisition, is an example of which of the following:

Answer 185

high-probability request sequence

Question 186

Making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent upon the completion of a lower-probability behavior is called:

Answer 186

premack principle

Question 187

Noncontingent reinforcement is delivered on what type of schedule?

Answer 187

time

Question 188

How are behavioral momentum & the premack principle similar?

Answer 188

both involve high-p & low-p probability sequences

Question 189

What is a limitation of NCR?

Answer 189

although problem behavior can be decreased, an appropriate alternative response is not strengthened

Question 190

Motivating operations have two momentary effects. These two effects are:

Answer 190

value-altering and behavior-altering effects

Question 191

Marcus implemented an NCR procedure with a student that displayed attention motivated behavior. Early in the intervention, Marcus delivered brief social interaction every 5 minutes. Once the student’s problem behavior was reduced to an acceptable level, Marcus increased the amount of time before reinforcer delivery to 10 minutes. What is this an example of?

Answer 191

schedule thinning

Question 192

Johnny engages in high rates of challenging behaviors, including screaming, aggression, property destruction, and self-injury. Due to the safety concerns revolving around his self-injury, his BCBA creates an intervention utilizing Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors targeting the absence of all challenging behaviors. What is a limitation of this approach?

Answer 192

no protocol to teach a functional alternative behavior to replace the challenging behavior

Question 193

The premack principle utilizes which basic principle of behavior?

Answer 193

reinforcement

Question 194

Presession pairing is a specific application of the pairing process that requires that the instructor engages in an activity that is highly preferred by the student when?

Answer 194

just before placing demands

Question 195

Often in the field of applied behavior analysis, we refer to the 4-term contingency as:

Answer 195

motivating operation - stimulus - response - consequence

Question 196

What is a potential side effect associated with the use of non contingent reinforcement?

Answer 196

superstitious behavior

Question 197

Which example best exemplifies treatment drift?

Answer 197

Norma is running a DRI procedure. Her supervisor completes a TPRA form every 2 weeks. During the first 3 observations, her percentage of accuracy is 100%. However, at the 3 month mark, her accuracy has dropped to 65%.

Question 198

Nancy would like to utilize a non contingent reinforcement procedure, paired with extinction, for her 8 year old client. This client engages in aggression. The function has been determined to be escape from demands. Baseline data indicate that an average of 5 minutes separates each instance of aggression. Which of the following procedures would potentially be most effective?

Answer 198

escape provided on a fixed time of 3 minutes, delivered non-contingent on behavior

Question 199

Contingency contracts verbally specify the contingent relationship between the completion of a specified behavior and a consequence for performing or not performing that behavior. What other antecedent intervention uses this same technique?

Answer 199

rules

Question 200

Jeremy worked at a group home where all the boys had their own individual token systems in place but all used poker chips as the tokens. The boys were between the ages of 8 and 10 years old and were very social with each other. One day, Jeremy noticed that one of his students seemed to have a lot of tokens in his jar, far more than he possibly could have earned in the time between when he had last been with him and now. Jeremy suddenly realized that this boy was either stealing the chips from his housemates or persuading others to give their chips to him. Jeremy realized he quickly needed to implement a programmatic change in the token system to avoid this from continuing to occur. What would be the best change for Jeremy to make first.

Answer 200

give everyone a different type of token

Question 201

Neha just began working with a new client, 3-yr old Bobby. Bobby has a history of noncompliance and frequently throws himself on the floor when he is given an instruction to complete a task. On Neha’s first day working with him, she asked his mom what his most preferred toy is and then sat on the floor, not placing any demands on him, playing with the toy. Bobby came over to where Neha was playing and began to engage with her. By the end of the 30 minute session, Bobby was following several demands Neha placed on him. Most likely, Bobby began following Neha’s direction because of what procedure that was conducted?

Answer 201

pairing

Question 202

Suzanne really loves to watch Jeopardy & Wheel of Fortune and watches them every night. However, Suzanne is in graduate school and that hour she spends watching these shows takes time away from her doing her school work and also often leads to more TV watching after these shows are over. Suzanne’s mother would like to help her stay more on top of her studies because she will then stay up really late at night to get the work finished. What would be the best intervention for Suzanne’s mother to implement to help her complete her school work right after school instead of late at night?

Answer 202

premack principle

Question 203

Janice is a graduate student and she is finishing up her thesis paper during her final semester of school. Her thesis adviser is very critical of the work that Janice has done on her paper, constantly emailing her edits and revisions to the document. These days, whenever Janice hears the ‘ping’ of her email on her phone, she immediately silences her phone. What is likely contributing to Janice’s behavior (silencing her phone) in this example?

Answer 203

the ‘ping’ of the email serves as a reflexive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-R)

Question 204

Harry is very hungry since he had to skip lunch at work, which means he has not eaten in about 10 hours. He goes to his fridge and takes out some leftovers to place in the microwave. When the microwave beeps, he takes the food out to eat. In this scenario, the beeping of the microwave is what?

Answer 204

discriminative stimulus

Question 205

In the article you read in unit 12 titled, Further Evaluations of Antecedent Interventions on Compliance (Wilder, et al, 2012), the authors stated that which types of antecedent interventions were the most most studied for the behavior of noncompliance?

Answer 205

high-p instructional sequences

Question 206

Baer, Peterson & Sherman, (1967) wrote: “Imitation refers to the emission of a behavior that is topographically similar and temporally proximal to the behavior of a model”. This statement means that:

Answer 206

the behavior is similar in form and occurs shortly after the modeled behavior

Question 207

Which statement is true regarding imitation?

Answer 207

-imitation is perhaps the most fundamental means of acquiring new behavior and knowledge in humans
-all statements are true
-another name for imitation is mimetic behavior
-the emergence of language, social, daily living and play skills are often products of generalized imitation

Question 208

_____________________ is the process through which a trainer demonstrates the behavior to be learned by the trainee.

Answer 208

modeling

Question 209

_________________ occurs when the trainee says or does what the trainer did, or something similar.

Answer 209

imitation

Question 210

Although modeling and imitation is widely used to teach children with autism spectrum disorders, these strategies can also be used when working with clients with head injuries, clients who require teaching to overcome fears and fobias and to assist clients with pain control.

Answer 210

true

Question 211

For shaping to be effective, it is critical that a specific _________________ _______________ be identified and operationally defined.

Answer 211

terminal behavior

Question 212

Catina (1984) defined shaping as the differential reinforcement of _______________ ________________ to an end goal.

Answer 212

successive approximations

Question 213

Shaping can be used to teach which of the following skills

Answer 213

all of the above
conversation skills
compliance with radiation therapy
glasses use

Question 214

Teaching new behavioral properties by differentially reinforcing successive approximations toward the behavioral objective is:

Answer 214

shaping

Question 215

Shaping can be used to teach a client a new form of a behavior and it can also be used to teach a client to increase the duration or magnitude of a behavior already in his or her repertoire. These 2 types of shaping are known as

Answer 215

shaping across response classes and shaping within a response class

Question 216

A behavior chain is series of discrete responses that make up a more complex behavior or terminal outcome. Each response produces a stimulus change that simultaneously serves as:

Answer 216

A conditioned reinforcer for the response that produced it, and an Sᴰ for the next response in the chain

Question 217

Chaining would not be indicated to teach the following following behavior:

Answer 217

pointing

Question 218

In backward chaining discrete behaviors are linked together beginning with the:

Answer 218

last response

Question 219

Chaining is used:

Answer 219

to add a new sequence onto an existing behavioral repertoire

Question 220

Before a chaining program begins the behavior analyst should:

Answer 220

-Be aware of the client’s family and cultural practices
-Prepare a task analysis and set criterion for mastery
-Observe the behavior performed by the client’s peers who have mastered the skill

All answers are correct

Question 221

A skill is said to be ________________when the learner is able to perform the skill across new and novel situations.

Answer 221

generalized

Question 222

It is necessary for learners to generalize skills across

Answer 222

stimuli
people and settings
-all answers are correct
responses

Question 223

When planning to teach a skill or implement an intervention, an instructor should begin to plan for generalization

Answer 223

when writing the initial teaching plan and before instruction begins

Question 224

In How to Plan for Generalization, Hoover & Baer discuss several generalization procedures and examples. They state “A common mistake made when wanting to establish a generalized behavior change is to teach one or two good examples, allow for practice, and then expect the student to generalize from those limited number of experiences”. To correct this mistake, the authors suggest that the instructor:

Answer 224

teach enough examples

Question 225

Often when we are teaching students whose learning occurs slowly, we teach one skill or behavior at a time, so as not to confuse them. A small but completely consistent set of studies suggests that generalization will occur more quickly if a few skills or behaviors are taught at the same time, rather than teaching one skill or behavior at a time

Answer 225

true

Question 226

TPRA

Answer 226

-Teacher Performance Rate & Accuracy
-Assesses “learn units” and allows us to measure both teacher and student behavior
-Procedural integrity – accurate and reliable implementation of the independent variable
-IOA – reliable measurement of the dependent variable

Question 227

Operant Extinction

Answer 227

The removal of reinforcement for a previously reinforced response

Question 228

Respondent extinction

Answer 228

Unpairing the CS and the US until the CS no longer produces the CR (i.e. it once again becomes a NS)

Question 229

Classical conditioning

Answer 229

a neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response

Question 230

operant conditioning

Answer 230

a response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment

Question 231

Matching Law

Answer 231

Resulting effect of a concurrent schedule of reinforcement (different schedules for different responses in place at the same time)
Rates of responding will “match” the rates of reinforcement delivered the response.
Example: Teacher provides praise on FR1 schedule for appropriate hand raising; peers provide attention on VR3 schedule for calling out.

Question 232

Behavioral Contrast

Answer 232

A change in responding in one condition/setting might result in a change in the opposite direction in another
Example: Behavior is put on extinction at school and parents see an increase in the same behavior at home

Question 233

DRI

Answer 233

Reduces a behavior by increasing incompatible behaviors and focusing on reinforcing the opposite of the undesired behavior

Question 234

DRA

Answer 234

Increases a behavior by reinforcing appropriate behaviors and focuses on developing functional alternative behaviors

Question 235

DRO

Answer 235

Reduces a behavior to zero occurrences by focusing on increasing the time of non-occurrence

Question 236

DRL

Answer 236

Reduces a behavior to acceptable levels by focusing on reducing the number of occurrences

Question 237

Motivation Operations

Answer 237

-Motivating Operations CURRENTLY increase or decrease the value of the reinforcer and CURRENTLY increase or decrease behavior that has been reinforced by a stimulus, object or event.
-Motivating Operations DO NOT alter the future frequency of behavior. Motivating Operations only alter the value of the reinforcer, or the behavior needed to obtain that reinforcer IN THAT MOMENT.

Question 238

CMO-R

Answer 238

-Reflexive
-Signal the worsening or improvement of conditions
-Evokes responding that either turns the stimulus off, or keeps it going

Question 239

CMO-S

Answer 239

-Surrogate
-Some stimulus is paired with an existing MO and then begins to exert the same effects as the MO

Question 240

CMO-T

Answer 240

-Transitive
-Some stimulus becomes more valuable (and behavior that results in access to it increases) because the stimulus is needed to satisfy another EO

Question 241

Behavior Chain

Answer 241

A sequence of responses functionally linked to the same terminal reinforcer (Mayer & Sulzer-Azaroff, 2014).
Each response in a behavior chain serves to:
Reinforce the previous link, and
Serve as the Sd for the next link
Behaviors are already in the learners repertoire
Note: this is different than shaping where you are teaching new behavioral repertoires

Question 242

Chaining as a Tactic

Answer 242

Can use to decrease problem behavior or to teach a complex skill
When behaviors occur out of order (but need to be completed in a particular order)
Correct chaining requires that each link in the chain occurs in order, with no links omitted or added

Question 243

Hp Request Sequence

Answer 243

Also known as behavioral momentum​
Antecedent intervention​
Non-aversive procedure for improving compliance by diminishing escape-maintained problem behavior(s)​
It may also diminish longer latencies relative to responding to requests​
Occurs prior to the SD for the target response you are aiming for!

Question 244

Premack Principle

Answer 244

AKA Grandma’s rule; Low-p / high-p request sequence
Involves a first/then statement/contingency
Generally the “First” is a less preferred behavior. “Then” is generally something that is a preferred behavior.
Using behaviors to reinforce behaviors;

Question 245

Selectionism

Answer 245

All life forms naturally and continually evolve through their learning history and evolutionary development.

Question 246

Determinism

Answer 246

Events that occur in the universe do not happen “out of the blue.”

Question 247

Empiricism

Answer 247

Objective observation of events in our environment, using information from (and only from) one or more of our five senses.

Question 248

Parsimony

Answer 248

Ruling out all simple, logical explanations before considering more complex or abstract explanations.

Question 249

Pragmatism

Answer 249

Something has value, or is true, to the extent that it leads to successful outcomes when practically applied.

Question 250

Stimulus Prompt Examples

Answer 250

Positional
Proximity
Voice inflection
Gestural
Tap/point
Hand placement
Blocking
Highlighting
Size
Templates
Dotted line

Question 251

Response Prompt Examples

Answer 251

Verbal
Procedural
questioning
Echoic
Whole word/phrase/sent
Partial word
Physical modeling
Whole task
Partial task
Physical prompt
Whole task
Partial task
Peer modeling
Time delay

Question 252

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Answer 252

are previously neutral stimuli that, because of repeated pairings with primary and/or secondary reinforcers, become effective as conditioned reinforcers for a wide range of behaviors. Don’t require an EO.

Question 253

Backup Reinforcers

Answer 253

Tangible objects, activities or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be PURCHASED with tokens from either
of the above categories of reinforcers.

Question 254

Contingent effort

Answer 254

required to exert themselves by performing unrelated exercise contingent upon problem behavior

Question 255

contingent restriant

Answer 255

pre-determined form of physical or mechanical restraint implemented for specified period of time when target behavior exhibited