Study Notes ABA Principles, Stimulus Flashcards by Hector Valadez

What are the three levels of science?

Description, Prediction, Control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the highest level of scientific understanding?

Control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pragmatism:

practical approach #promoter effective action #intervention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Selectionism:

: #selection by consequences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Determinism:

lawfulness #orderly #cause and effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Empiricism:

facts #objective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Experimentation:

experimental analysis #manipulation

#functional relation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Replication:

repeatability #reliability #believability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parsimony:

simplest theory #simplest explanation #KISS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Philosophic Doubt:

healthy skepticism #bullshit detector

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________________________ is the simplest explanation of a behavior
whereas ______________________ is the simplest solution to a problem.

Parsimony, Pragmatism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Control is the highest level of
scientific understanding.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Experimentation states that the
world is an orderly & predictable
place.

False: correction is determinism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Empiricism is the practice of
objective observation.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Determinism states that everything
in the world happens for a reason

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: A functional relationship #control
happens when an experiment reveals
that a change in one event reliably
produced by specific manipulations
of another event.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This looks at just the facts, the observable behavior of interest

Empiricism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ruling out the simplest explanations of behavior before considering more complex ones #SIMPLE

Parsimony

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

FunctionalRelation The Highest Level of Science

Control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lawfulness The world is a lawful and orderly place, where all phenomena occur as a result of other events

Determinism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Correlation The second level of scientific understanding

Prediction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The basic strategy of how we manipulate variables

Experimentation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A collection of facts about the observed event, just describing what you see

Description

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reliability, The repeating of experiments to show that the independent variable is responsible for the change in the dependent variable

Replication

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

#BullshitDetector Requires the scientist to always question the truthfulness of everything

Philosophic Doubt

Instead of arguing that the sky is blue because a little man hand-painted it, Janet argued that the sky is blue due to gasses that exist in the atmosphere. Janet is demonstrating which of the following attitudes of science?

Parsimony

Megan goes out to the bar and takes data on the behavior that people engage in to present to social psychologists. What level of science is Megan engaging in?

Description

Stacey has been experimenting with opening her palate. Lately, she has been determined to find sushi that she digests well and also enjoys the taste of. Stacey orders two different rolls, crunchy crab and spicy tuna. The tuna’s consistency felt weird in her mouth and was very spicy so Stacey did not enjoy eating that one. The crunchy crab roll was delicious and digested well. Now Stacey regularly orders the crunchy crab roll when ordering sushi. Stacey’s choice was formed through which of the following processes?

Selectionism

Which attitude of science states that the world is a lawful and orderly place?

Determinism

Which attitude of science best matches the highest level of scientific understanding?

Experimentation

Jenny attends a conference where she learns ways to teach children tacting. Although she is impressed with the initial results, she maintains some skepticism about whether it is truly effective. What attitude of science is she displaying?

Philosophical Doubt

John is talking to a parent whose child frequently engages in tantrums. When John asks the parent what happens right before the behavior, the parent states, “it just came out of nowhere!”. What attitude of science is being violated?

Determinism

A client’s parents state that their child hits them because he has little self-control. After taking some data while observing, you state that their child hits them because it has resulted in them escaping the demand of cleaning their room. What attitude of science are you demonstrating?

Parsimony

BF, a hard-core practitioner, relies only on facts to make decisions regarding the outcomes of his experiments. He uses observation and detailed description of events. What attitude of science is BF demonstrating?

Empiricism

Julie wants to know why her dog barks in the living room. She manipulates dierent conditions in the living room to occur in order to determine which condition causes her dog to bark. Which attitude of science is Julie demonstrating?

Experimentation

Kim has conducted an experiment to determine if her Skims shapewear is indeed effective. She repeats the experiment over and over and discovers some mistakes. Which attitude of science is Kim demonstrating?

Replication

Which level of scientific understanding is the highest?

Control

Jen engages in a strange hobby, but she calls it science. She goes out into the community and engages in objective observation and description of people while engaged in various social interactions. Which level of scientific understanding does Jen engage in?

Description

John notices a correlation between his wife’s drinking and her mood about the day, however, he does not have enough information to state a cause. Which level of scientific understanding is he demonstrating?

Prediction

Analytical:

#functional relation #control #replication #experimentation

Conceptually systematic:

#punishment #reinforcement #extinction

Technological:

#idiot proof #recipe #detailed #precise

Applied:

#sociallysignificant #meaningful

Generality:

#generalization #behavior #setting #people #maingoal

Effective:

#clinically significant #does it work #the change

Behavioral

#clear #objective #complete #concise

What are the 4 Branches of Behavior Analysis? *PEAR

-Practice Guided by Behavior analysis -Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB) -Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) -Radical behaviorism

What are the 2 primary types of behavior?

Operant and Respondent

T/F: Watson is associated with operant behavior.

False - Correction: Skinner

T/F: All procedures should be described in detail so that others can replicate the procedures. This describes the conceptually systematic dimension.

False - Correction: Technological

T/F: In order to be effective, an ABA study must produce behavior changes that are both clinically and socially significant.

True

Skinner is the founder of Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

True

T/F: Adaptation occurs when elicited stimuli are presented repeatedly over short periods of time and the strength of respondent behavior diminishes

False - Correction: Habituation

___________________ research uses conveniently available behaviors (e.g. leverpressing) and ____________________ research focuses on socially significant behavior.

Basic, Applied

____________________ behavior is connected to Watson and ________________ behavior is connected to Skinner

Respondent, Operant

_______________________________ occurs when the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short period of time and the strength of the respondent behavior decreases.

Habituation

#Observable

Behavioral

#SociallySignificantBx, dimension of aba

Applied

#DoesItWork, dimension of ABA

Effective

#FunctionalRelation #Control

Analytic

#OperationallyDefine #steps to follow

Technological

#AcrossBehavior #AcrossSubjects #AcrossSettings

Generality

#TieBackToBasicPrinciples, dimension of ABA

Conceptually Systematic

Which of the following is not a dimension of ABA according to Baer, Wolfe, and Risley? a. effectiveness c. applied b. follow-through d. generality

b. follow-through

Trisha gets low grades in her psychology class due to her lack of studying. Trisha’s lack of studying can be described as:

behavioral deficit

Sarah in a fit of anger flips her middle finger to the driver next to her at a red light for driving dangerously. Sarah flipping her middle finger is an example of:

Overt behavior

When Lily goes for her annual check-up with her doctor, they perform silly tests to make sure that her reflexes are responsive. Lily’s reflexes are which type of behavior?

respondent behavior

Behavior that aligns with the S-R-S model of behavior best demonstrates which type of behavior?

operant behavior

Casey writes an intervention plan for a client. She defines the procedure so clearly and in detail that it could be replicated by a trained reader. What dimension of ABA is being shown?

Technological

When Jane is asked to come up with an intervention plan to help a child learn to wait, she uses basic principles of behavior analysis. Which dimension of ABA is Jane applying?

Conceptually Systematic

When Jamie works with her client, she makes sure that her client can perform the same task at school, home, and in social settings. Which dimension of ABA is Jamie displaying?

Generality

Charles has implemented an intervention and data shows that his client’s behavior has improved in a practical manner- his client can now finish his morning routine on his own. Which dimension of ABA is Charles displaying?

Effective

Cassandra develops a behavior plan and her data indicates that there is a functional relation between her intervention and the number of independent requests her client now makes. What dimension of ABA is this demonstrating?

Analytical

Madison develops an intervention and her client, Alexander, can now approach peers at school as well as his parents in a way that makes them act more positively towards Alexander. Which dimension of ABA is being demonstrated?

Applied

When Mason is brought in to do a FBA, he looks only at observable behavior and chooses the behavior that is in need of improvement. Which dimension of ABA is Mason displaying?

Behavioral

Respondent behavior is

#unlearned

Operant Behavior is

#learned

Operant behavior is any behavior whose ________________ frequency is determined primarily by it’s history of _________________.

Future, Consequences

Respondent conditioning is associated with ___________________

Pavlov

Operant conditioning is associated with who? _______________________

Skinner

Respondent conditioning is ______________-_________________ pairing.

Stimulus-Response

Operant conditioning is ______________-__________________-________________ pairing.

Stimulus-Response-Stimulus

Reinforcement has occurred if a behavior is followed closely in time by a _________________ event and as a result the ________________ frequency of that behavior increases.

Consequence, Future

Extinction can only occur when ______________ is withheld.

Reinforcement

Create a Conditioned Aversive Stimuli Make alcohol a conditioned aversive stimulus. ● ____________________ ⇨________________ ● ________________ + _________________⇨ _______________ ● ⤹________________⇨__________________

Nausea-vomiting Alcohol+nausea-vomiting Alcohol-vomiting

Create a Conditioned Reinforcer Make a wink a reinforcing stimulus. ● ____________________ ⇨________________ ● ________________ + _________________⇨ _______________ ● ⤹________________⇨__________________

Food-satiated Wink+food-satiated Wink-satiated

Create a Fear/Phobia Make a stimulus of your choice a conditioned phobia. ● ____________________ ⇨________________ ● ________________ + _________________⇨ _______________ ● ⤹________________⇨__________________

Bite-pain Dog+bite-pain Dog-pain

Counterconditioning or Reconditioning of Phobias Take your established phobia and place it on respondent extinction or recondition it with a new stimulus. ● ____________________ ⇨________________ ● ________________ + _________________⇨ _______________ ● ⤹________________⇨__________________

Dog-Pain Deep breathing+Dog-No pain Deep breathing-No pain

T/F: Skinner is the father of radical behaviorism

True

T/F: Reinforcement and punishment affect current frequency of behavior.

False, Correct: Future

T/F: Radical behaviorism acknowledges private events and their effect on the individual.

True

T/F: Methodological behaviorism acknowledges private events but does not consider them in the analysis of behavior.

True

T/F: Private events are thoughts and feelings that take place within the skin.

True

T/F: The 3 principles of behavior are reinforcement, extinction, and intermittent reinforcement.

False, Correction: Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment

Positive Reinforcer Conditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________ Unconditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________

Positive Reinforcers a. Conditioned i. IG likes (hearts) ii. High Five b. Unconditioned i. Water ii. Food

Negative Reinforcer Conditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________ Unconditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________

Negative Reinforcers a. Conditioned i. Retail Sale ii. Taking a Xanax b. Unconditioned i. Putting on coat/sweater when cold ii. Drinking water to remove headache

Positive Punisher Conditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________ Unconditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________

Positive Punishers a. Conditioned i. “F” on an assignment ii. frown/scowl b. Unconditioned i. Burn from flat iron ii. Slap in your face

Negative Punisher Conditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________ Unconditioned ● ______________________ ● ______________________

Negative Punishers a. Conditioned i. Friend Unfollows ii. fines/fees/bills b. Unconditioned i. Take away food ii. Taking away a coat when it’s cold

The most important principle of behavior and a key element of most behavior change programs.

Reinforcement

Reinforcement is withheld for all members of a previously reinforced response class

Extinction

Acknowledge the existence of mental events but do not consider them in the analysis of behavior

Methodological Behaviorism

Has to do with our learning history and the effects of consequences on our behavior

Operant Conditioning

When a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions

Punishment

This type of learning is associated with Ian Pavlov and uses a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure

Respondent Conditioning

This occurs when a stimulus that has been conditioned #learned is presented over and over without the unconditioned stimulus and in turn the response is weakened

Respondent extinction

Cognitive process and free will are examples of this topic

Hypothetical constructs

When a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and as a result occurs more frequently in the future

Positive Reinforcement

If a behavior is followed by a consequence that increases the likelihood that that behavior will occur again, ______________ has taken place.

Reinforcement

Which of the following processes strengthen behavior? a. negative punishment c. positive punishment b. positive reinforcement d. contingency

Positive Reinforcement

Losing money is most likely an example of….

Conditioned punisher

Extinction is least effective when…

reinforcement occurs after extinction

When behavior occurs and aversive stimuli are no longer removed, extinction of __________ occurs.

negatively reinforced behavior

Leah goes into the grocery store and throws a tantrum in the candy aisle. Her parents give her the candy and she stops her tantrum. In the future, every time Leah goes into the candy aisle she throws a tantrum. What principle of behavior is maintaining the tantrum behavior? Is it positive or negative?

Positive Reinforcement, Positive

Oscar drives his roommate Felix crazy because he keeps the apartment sloppy. Felix nags Oscar until Oscar begins cleaning. Oscar only starts to clean to stop Felix from nagging. In the future, Oscar begins cleaning the apartment more frequently to avoid Felix nagging him. What principle of behavior is maintaining Oscar’s cleaning? Is it positive or negative?

Negative Reinforcement, Negative

Jennifer snuck out of her house and came home late. As a result, her parents took her phone away for a week. Jennifer no longer sneaks out of the house in the future. What principle of behavior is being demonstrated? Is it positive or negative?

Negative punishment, Negative

Suzanne speeds down the road frequently. One day a police officer pulls her over for speeding and gives her a $500 ticket. In the future, Suzanne no longer speeds down that portion of the freeway. What principle of behavior is being demonstrated. Is it positive or negative?

Positive Punishment, Positive

Cameron’s parents discover that after he got over his cold, that he continued to cough because they always respond and give him attention. After confirming that he was only coughing for attention, his parents agreed to both ignore it. As a result, Cameron’s cough has stopped. What are her parents implementing?

Extinction

A stimulus class is a group of stimuli that share a common set of elements in either a ____________ dimension, _______________ dimension or a ___________________ dimension.

Formal, Temporal, Functional

Behavior is the ___________________ of living organisms.

Activity

A response is a ___________________ instance of behavior.

Single

If a ____________________________ can do something it is NOT a behavior.

Dead Man

When you define a behavior it must be ______________, ______________________, and ______________________.

Clear, Objective, Complete

A response class is a group of responses with the same _______________.

Function

A repertoire is all the _____________________ that a person can do.

Behaviors

All behaviors occur within an _____________________ context.

Enviornmental

T/F: A response class can have multiple responses that look topographically different.

True

T/F: A response refers to all the behaviors a person can do.

False, Correction: Repertoire

T/F: Behavior is what we say and do in our everyday lives.

True

T/F: Behavior can be emitted in a black hole.

False, Correction: Can Not

T/F: The three types of stimulus classes are formal, temporal, and functional.

True

A stimulus class is a group of stimuli that have a common effect on behavior.

True

Formal Stimulus Class Examples:

Pizza, CDs, Bagels

Temporal Stimulus Class Examples:

Sleeping, Snooze Alarm, Put on slippers, brush teeth

Functional Stimulus Class Examples

Phone call, video call, write a letter, email, google doc

Response Class examples for Function of Escape from People

Stomach hurts, migraine, plan a phone call (emergency)

Response Class for Function of opening a locked door

Chop down door with an axe, phone a friend who has a spare key, grab the spare key under rock, kick it in

Stimuli that evoke the same response, but do not share common features

Arbitrary stimulus

This stimulus class talks about stimuli based on their physical features

Formal Stimulus Class

The activity of living organisms

Behavior

This stimulus class talks about stimuli based on when they occur in time

Temporal Stimulus Class

Stimuli that share common physical forms #whatItLooksLike

Feature Stimulus Class

A group of responses that serve the same function

Response Class

When there is a change in energy and it affects the human or organism in some way

Stimulus

This stimulus class talks about stimuli based on their effects on behavior

Functional Stimulus class

A group of behaviors that all have the same function but might look different are referred to as…

arbitrary stimulus class

Everything that a person knows how to do is best defined as their….

Repertoire

John doesn’t know how to post on TikTok but would like to learn. He has downloaded the app but doesn’t know how to navigate, post, or edit his videos. John’s TikTok ability is best described as….

Skill Deficit

Monica is working in her cubicle at work and shivers when the AC unit cranks on. She grabs her “work sweater” from the back of her chair and throws it on. The AC unit kicking on is best described as?

Stimulus

Janet’s son Tom is a really good singer. Lately, he pretends that he can’t sing because it makes him look dorky. Although Janet thinks he can have a legitimate run on American Idol, he still pretends he can’t sing when requested. Tom’s lack of singing is best described as?

Performance Deficit

Tricia is looking at a client’s surroundings. Tricia checks out the people, places, and other elements of her client’s surroundings. Tricia is looking at the _____________ of her client.

Environment

Stephen is looking at what his client is doing. He observes that his client is sitting at times, standing at others, and raising his hand when the teacher asks questions. Stephen is observing the ____________ of his client.

Behavior

Donna is teaching her client to point out the whiskers of a cat, dog and lion. This is called a _________________ _________________ ____________.

Feature stimulus class

Omar kicks, screams and hits to gain access to his favorite toys. This is called a ____________ ________________.

Response Class

Jenny feels the warm light of the sun on her face. She then decides to put on her sunglasses. The light of the sun is considered a _________________.

Stimulus

A runner steps up to the line, takes his mark and waits for the gun to go off before he starts running. All of these stimuli occur prior to his run. This is an example of a __________ ____________ _________.

Temporal Stimulus Class

Anthony is teaching his client Tobias to respond “fruit” to different edible items including bananas, apples, pears, and grapes. Anthony is teaching Tobias about what type of stimulus class?

Arbitrary

Adele is gathering information about all of the behavior her client can engage in. She learns that her client is able to clap her hands, ask for milk, eat with a spoon among many other things. Adele is learning about her client’s ______________.

Repertoire

A treadmill, a game of tag and being late causes most people to start running. These stimuli are considered what type of stimulus class?

Functional Stimulus Class

Operant Behavior has ___________________

Consequences

Reinforcement increases the __________________ frequency of behavior

Future

Reinforcement is the fundamental building block for the selection of _______________ behavior

Operant

Positive Reinforcement has occurred when a response is followed immediately by the _____________ of a stimulus and as a result similar responses occur more _________________ in the future.

Presentation, Frequently

The stimulus that is presented as a consequence and is responsible for the subsequent increase in responding is called a ______________ ______________

Positive Reinforcer

The importance of the ____________ of reinforcement is essential

Immediacy

You reinforce the ______________, not the person.

Behavior

Reinforcement depends on ________________.

Motivation

Automatic reinforcement occurs independent of _______________ mediation by others.

Social

Negative reinforcement contingency is one in which the occurrence of a response produces the ______________, termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus, which leads to an ____________________ in future occurrence of that response.

Removal, Increase

Positive Reinforcer Examples

1. Edibles 2. Activity 3. Tangible 4. Social 5. Sensory

Positive Punishment Examples

Positive Punishers 1. Reprimand 2. Overcorrection 3. Shock 4. Exercise 5. Response blocking

2 Types of negative reinforcement

1. Escape 2. Avoidance

2 types of negative punishment

1. Response cost 2. Time-out

2 types of response cost

1. Bonus 2. Direct Fines

2 types of time-out

1. Non-exclusionary 2. Exclusionary

T/F: A secondary reinforcer is sometimes called an unconditioned reinforcer.

False, Correction: Primary

T/F: A few examples of unconditioned reinforcers are water, food, and sleep

True

T/F: Negative Punishment is the removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of similar behaviors, it is important that the removal of the stimulus be immediately after the behavior.

True

T/F: Behavioral contrast can be an unwanted effect of reinforcement and punishment.

True

T/F: Escape is when a response you engage in postpones or prevents the presentation of something occurring.

False, Correction: Stop an aversive situation from occuring

Lucy wants to use reinforcers to toilet train her son. An unwanted effect of reinforcement that should be considered is…

effects can be temporary

Brett wants to use punishment with his dog’s jumping behavior. When choosing a punisher you should consider…

a. the highest magnitude b. the least intensity

Which of the following can be used to decrease behavior? a. positive punishment c. extinction b. negative punishment d. all of the above

All of the above

Which type of timeout procedure should be first considered when using negative punishment?

non-exclusionary

When considering a scenario and you have determined that someone helped out, the reinforcer or punisher is….

socially mediated

Jocelyn is late for work frequently. Her boss waited in the lobby of the clinic for her to arrive one morning and gave her a verbal reprimand in front of her peers. In the future Jocelyn is no longer late to work. Is this reinforcement or punishment? Is it automatic or social?

Punishment, positive, social

Gabriel was told to put sunscreen on in order to avoid sunburn by his mother. In the future he continues to put on sunscreen. Is this reinforcement or punishment? Is it positive or negative? Is it automatic or social?

Reinforcement, negative, auto

A child in the classroom starts to scream loudly. The teacher puts the child in timeout. In the future, the child decreases the amount of screaming he does in the classroom. Is this an example of reinforcement or punishment? Is it positive or negative? Is it automatic or social?

Punishment, negative, social

A teacher has implemented a program at school. For every student who remains in their seat during work, they are granted an extra 10 minutes at recess. In the future, in seat behavior increases. Is this an example of reinforcement or punishment? Is it positive or negative? Is it automatic or social?

Reinforcement, positive, social

Joey’s mom is actively yelling at him. He runs away to another room to no longer hear her. Joey has engaged in _____________.

Escape

Tom passes his room and sees his mom is snooping around in there. He knows if he goes in it might lead to his mom yelling at him. Tom walks away from the room and goes downstairs instead. Tom has engaged in __________.

Avoidance

Mrs. Hendrix uses a token system for all of her students in the classroom. If they engage in on task behavior they are rewarded with a token. However, if they talk out of turn or get out of their seat one token is taken away. This is an example of ____________.

Response Cost

Tokens are considered what type of reinforcer?

Secondary or conditioned: generalized conditioned reinforcer

Mrs. Jones takes Billy outside of the room for a timeout when he engages in throwing behavior. What kind of timeout is Mrs. Jones using?

Exclusionary