Intro

Question 1

Assumption
This philosophy guides our practices – without a belief in this philosophy, there would not be a point to our practices

Answer 1

Determinism

Question 2

Human behaviour obeys the laws of nature
Behaviour acts as other natural events do
All events are related to other events in the past
Subject to scientific exploration and investigation

Answer 2

Determinism

Question 3

There is order in the universe
Order allows scientific exploration
Scientific inquiry comes from…
The opposite of accidentalism

Answer 3

Determinism

Question 4

One event is caused by another
Links in a chain

Answer 4

Determinism

Question 5

Things do not happen by chance
example: an explosion is caused by gas expanding and chemical mixing

Answer 5

Determinism

Question 6

A prime directive

Answer 6

Empiricism

Question 7

Observation, measurement, gathering objective facts

Answer 7

Empiricism

Question 8

Relying on observable facts and not opinions
Direct observation and measurement

Answer 8

Empiricism

Question 9

To understand something we must describe, predict, and control it

Answer 9

Empiricism

Question 10

Free from bias
In the sense of saying something is or isn’t true based upon personal prejudice or opinion
Multiple people can observe the same event

Answer 10

Empiricism

Question 11

Requires clear description of the phenomena so that observation can occur unbiased

Answer 11

Empiricism

Question 12

Yields qualification of the results
Crosses over all 3 levels of scientific understanding: Description, Prediction, Control

Answer 12

Empiricism

Question 13

A basic strategy

Answer 13

Experimentation

Question 14

Conduct experiments, systematically measuring aspects of the phenomena of interest

Answer 14

Experimentation

Question 15

Used to determine functional relations
Required in scientific inquiry
Systematic and controlled

Answer 15

Experimentation

Question 16

Manipulate one (environmental) variable and keep other variables constant

Answer 16

Experimentation

Question 17

What is manipulated in a scientific experiment; variables that are typically thought to have some effect on the dependent variable

Answer 17

Independent Variable

Question 18

The measured variable; the variable that is affected/dependent upon the IV; not manipulated but observed
In behaviour analysis, this is usually the “behaviour”

Answer 18

Dependent Variable

Question 19

A necessary requirement for believability

Answer 19

Replication

Question 20

Not the infallibility or inherent honesty of scientists – is the primary reason science is a self-correcting enterprise that eventually gets it right

Answer 20

Replication

Question 21

Repeating an experiment as many times as necessary to show same/similar results
Successful results of one experiment = great!
However, value is placed on repeated application yielding same results

Answer 21

Replication

Question 22

Within one experiment (e.g. a design repeating each condition/intervention twice)
Across many experiments (e.g. across different participants, behaviours etc.)

Answer 22

Replication

Question 23

Manipulation of variables

Answer 23

Experimentation

Question 24

Change in one variable to see how it effects the other variable

Answer 24

Experimentation

Question 25

How blood pressure (DV) changes due to the change of water intake (IV)

Answer 25

Experimentation

Question 26

Being able to repeat something done once

Answer 26

Replication

Question 27

Re-introduce variable / intervention to see effects on results across multiple experiments and people to have believability in hypothesis

Answer 27

Replication

Question 28

Tanya recently began working with a client who is 3 years old. She saw in his file that he has had several different types of assessments conducted on his behavior in his short life. She reviewed the different assessments and came to the conclusion that his problem behaviors allow him to escape difficult demands. This is an example of experimentation

Answer 28

False. She only made a prediction, she did not control variables

Question 29

Andre was examining the problem behavior of yelling for one of her clients. After clearly defining the behavior, she asked the staff at the group home to record when the behavior occurred based upon the definition of the behavior she provided (and trained) them. Which attitude of science did Andre adhere to?

Answer 29

Empiricism; objective observation and measurement of the phenomenon

Question 30

A conservative value

Answer 30

Parsimony

Question 31

Simple, logical explanations chosen over more complex or abstract

Answer 31

Parsimony

Question 32

Frugality Simple and logical (as compared to other explanations) Requires the fewest assumptions Occam’s Razor

Answer 32

Parsimony

Question 33

We do not want to jump to complex assumptions without first ruling out simplest explanation

Answer 33

Parsimony

Question 34

A guiding conscience

Answer 34

Philosophic Doubt

Question 35

Healthy level of scepticism

Answer 35

Philosophic Doubt

Question 36

Helps with process of being self correcting

Answer 36

Philosophic Doubt

Question 37

Questions facts given starts process of empiricism

Answer 37

Philosophic Doubt

Question 38

Always question Science must continue to question and answer Question your own and others’ findings Yields additional information and keeps the science growing Discussion later on in the Module – more there!

Answer 38

Philosophic Doubt

Question 39

What you understand being practiced

Answer 39

Pragmatism

Question 40

Theory being put into practice

Answer 40

Pragmatism

Question 41

Practical application; seeing and doing; hands-on science

Answer 41

Pragmatism

Question 42

Application of what we know to what we see

Answer 42

Pragmatism

Question 43

Skinner first was a ‘realist’ (realism) then shifted into pragmatism as he began to conduct laboratory experiments Methodological behaviourism was more realism Radical behaviourism was pragmatism

Answer 43

Pragmatism

Question 44

“Making sense out of our experiments” (Baum, 2005, p.1) Reliable scientific predictions and control are possible Creates an efficient science where we all don’t need to rediscover Economical communication Emphasises talk, terms, and descriptions

Answer 44

Pragmatism

Question 45

Jenny has noticed that her dog is often lazy after mealtimes. Her husband says it is probably because he has eaten too much food. Jenny thinks this sounds reasonable but still wonders whether there could be another explanation for it. Jenny is engaging in:

Answer 45

Philosophic doubt; questions of facts

Question 46

Consistent results time and time again

Answer 46

Lawfulness of behavior

Question 47

Given perfect experimental control, you would always get the same results because behaviour is lawful

Answer 47

Lawfulness of Behavior

Question 48

Falls within determinism but goes further

Answer 48

Lawfulness of Behavior

Question 49

Expect behavior to start the same if environment events stays the same

Answer 49

Lawfulness of Behavior

Question 50

Phenomenon is predictable

Answer 50

Lawfulness of Behavior

Question 51

Contained within a deterministic view World is lawful

Answer 51

Lawfulness of Behavior

Question 52

Must separately adhere to behaviour (specifically) being lawful World is lawful, therefore behaviour is lawful Behaviour acts the same as other events/variables/phenomenon; its not subject to a different understanding

Answer 52

Lawfulness of Behavior

Question 53

The theory that all forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function, or consequences

Answer 53

Selectionism

Question 54

Phylogeny, ontogeny, cultural

Answer 54

Selectionism

Question 55

We engage in certain things due to the consequences we have experienced

Answer 55

Selectionism

Question 56

Siblings raised in the same household grow up with different personalities from consequence experience

Answer 56

Selectionism

Question 57

The environment selects our behaviours

Answer 57

Selectionism

Question 58

Behaviours you emit differ than those I emit due to our varied experiences Contact with reinforcement, punishment, extinction

Answer 58

Selectionism

Question 59

Behaviours enter your repertoire due to a species-specific outcome Reflexive behaviours Behaviours that ensure the survival of the species Consistent across species; Darwin

Answer 59

Phylogeny

Question 60

Behaviours enter your repertoire throughout your lifetime due to contact with reinforcement, punishment, extinction Operant behaviour

Answer 60

Ontogeny

Question 61

Which philosophical assumption is considered a prime directive?

Answer 61

Empiricism; how we are focusing phenomenon of interest

Question 62

Tianna was walking down the street and noticed the individual in front of her tripped on a loose brick on the sidewalk. She stopped and helped the woman up. Belle was also walking down the street and noticed that the woman tripped but kept walking. Which philosophical assumption explains the difference in responses?

Answer 62

Selectionism; due to history of consequences, Tiana stopped and Belle did not

Question 63

What are the levels of scientific understanding

Answer 63

Description, prediction, and control (control is the highest level)

Question 64

Which attitude of science refers to ruling out the explanation with the simplest/fewest assumptions?

Answer 64

Parsimony

Question 65

Which attitude of science acknowledges an individual’s history of learning and that behaviours are chosen based on this history?

Answer 65

Selectionism

Question 66

Which attitude of science refers to engaging in objective, unbiased observation of phenomenon?

Answer 66

Empiricism

Question 67

Investigates socially significant behaviours with immediate importance to the participant and those close to the participant​ Ask yourself: What is the value of the skill being addressed?

Answer 67

Applied

Question 68

Example: best way someone can use division problems Non Example: Social preference of a species of birds

Answer 68

Applied

Question 69

The behaviour must be measurable, observable​ Precise measurement of the actual behaviour in need of improvement

Answer 69

Behavioral

Question 70

Dead man’s test (more on this next class) ​ Ask yourself: Is this a behaviour and can I observe it?

Answer 70

Behavioral

Question 71

Establishing a functional control

Answer 71

Analytic

Question 72

Demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and non-occurrence of the behaviour​ Functional relationship does exist

Answer 72

Analytic

Question 73

Manipulating variables to see the effect on phenomenon of interest​ Ask yourself: is there data and control over variables?

Answer 73

Analytic

Question 74

Changing the IV for the Dv

Answer 74

Analytic

Question 75

Which of the following dimensions indicates that a study is addressing goals that are meaningful to the client’s life and independence?

Answer 75

Applied

Question 76

Able to replicate a study

Answer 76

Technological

Question 77

Written description of all the procedures in the study needs to be sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate

Answer 77

Technological

Question 78

All operative procedures are identified and described in detail and clarity​ Ask yourself: Is there any missing info?

Answer 78

Technological

Question 79

Behaviour change interventions are derived from the basic principles of behaviour

Answer 79

Conceptually Systematic

Question 80

Ask yourself: Is the intervention based on reinforcement, extinction, punishment, MO or stimulus control?

Answer 80

Conceptually Systematic

Question 81

Clinically significant effects make a meaningful difference

Answer 81

Effective

Question 82

Refers to practical results – has the intervention shown to be effective or not​ Ask yourself: is the change big enough?

Answer 82

Effective

Question 83

Compare results to baseline to see if change was "big" enough

Answer 83

Effective

Question 84

Which of the following dimensions ensures that a study or intervention is based on the foundations of behaviour analysis?

Answer 84

Conceptually Systematic

Question 85

Behaviour change should be maintained over time, transfer to other settings and/or people, and/or spread to other behaviours​ Once the intervention has been removed/faded off!

Answer 85

Generality

Question 86

Focuses on lasting effects over time. Has the intervention been tested over time?​ Ask yourself: did the change last?

Answer 86

Generality

Question 87

Which example below best describes implementation of a tactic technologically?

Answer 87

The researchers provided a break for every 2 correct responses the student emitted

Question 88

A study was conducted to test out a training protocol for staff working with adults in a residential home. The study included a step-by-step description of the training protocol, how the staff would be reinforced and any remediation procedures required. Which dimension of ABA does this adhere to?

Answer 88

Technological

Question 89

The study was able to identify the success of the training protocol by identifying functional relation – when the intervention was implemented, staff showed a change in performance and when the intervention was withdrawn, staff performance returned to baseline levels. They were able to rule out other factors causing this change. What dimension of ABA does this adhere to?

Answer 89

Analytic