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IMS > Introduction to non-specific immunity > Flashcards

Introduction to non-specific immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces
Transporting dietary lipids
Defence against disease

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2
Q

How is Lymph formed?

A

From blood plasma that filters from blood capillaries into interstitial space

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3
Q

Where does Excess interstitial fluid pass through?

A

Endothelium of lymph vessels into lymph capillaries

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4
Q

What are the Primary lymphatic organs?

A

Mature white blood cells called B and T lymphocytes, Red bone marrow and thymus gland

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5
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, lymph nodules

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6
Q

What are infections caused by?

A

Pathogens

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7
Q

Give me an example of a virus and bacteria infection?

A

Influenza virus, Clostridium tetani (tetanum)

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8
Q

Give me an example of a Protozoa, fungi and helminths infection?

A

Plasmodium (malaria)
Candida albicans (thrush)
tapeworms

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9
Q

What is the Innate immune system?

A

Non-specific, recognised molecules associated with pathogens, born with, respond immediately to pathogen

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10
Q

What is the Adaptive immune system?

A

Specific - for antigen and found in vertebraes acquired by experience and memory

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11
Q

Why is innate immunity important?

A

For initial immune response to a pathogen

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12
Q

What is Haemotopoiesis?

A

HSC sustain blood cells throughout life, capable of self renewal and multipotent

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13
Q

What is the Mechanism for non specific immune response?

A

Prevention of entry into the body and destruct foreign materials

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14
Q

What are the 3 non-specific defences?

A

Antimicrobial proteins
Natural killer cells and Phagocytes
Inflammation

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15
Q

What are the 3 Antimicrobial proteins?

A

Interferons
Compliment
Transferrins

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16
Q

What do Interferons IFNS do?

A

Produced by lymphocytes - function as chemical messengers instruct neighbour cells to produce antiviral proteins

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of Interferon proteins?

A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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18
Q

What do compliment proteins do?

A

Found in inactive state in blood plasma on membrane forms a complement system. when active enhance inflammatory reactions

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19
Q

What are transferrin proteins?

A

Iron binding proteins that inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing available iron

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20
Q

What are Natural Killer cells?

A

Specialised granular lymphocytes that are crucial for defence against tumour and viral cells, dont detect pathogen directly

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21
Q

How do NKs detect infected cells?

A

Defect effect on host cell and lack of host proteins or induction of stress proteins

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22
Q

What do Nks attack?

A

Abnormal cell membrane proteins called MHC antigens, destroy by releasing perforins or binding and inflict damage directly

23
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Engulfing cells and that can recognise microbes through specific receptors such as dendritic cells

24
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

Defence response to damage with response such as redness,pain, heat and swelling

25
Q

What are the functions of inflammation?

A

Traps invading microorganisms, allows region perfused with phagocytes and NK rich tissue fluids

26
Q

What is the Process of Inflammation?

A

Non-specific and follow same path regardless of damage.

27
Q

What are the 3 major phases of Inflammation?

A

Vasodilation and inreased permeability of blood vessels
Phagocyte migration
Tissue Repair

28
Q

What is the Inflammatory response aided by?

A

Histamine, kinins, prostaglandings, leukotriens and complements

29
Q

How does Histamine aid inflammation?

A

Released by mast cells in connective tissue and by basophils and plately. Histamines attracts neutrophils and macrophites to site of injury and induces vasodilation

30
Q

How does Kinins aid Inflammation?

A

Formed from inactive precursor molecules called kininogens and induces vasodilation and promotes chemotaxis by phagocytes

31
Q

How does Prostaglandins aid in inflammation?

A

PGS are lipids that are released by damaged cells, intensify effects of histamine and kinins and migrate phagocyte through capillary walls

32
Q

How does Leukotriens aid inflammation?

A

Act as guidance for phagocytes and increase vasodilation and adherence of phagocytes to pathogens

33
Q

How does Complement aid Inflammation?

A

Associate with release of histamine and attracts neutrophils for bacteria

34
Q

What happens following an injury?

A

Arteries dilate and more permeable resulting in localised edema, erythema and increased temp

35
Q

How is a scab formed?

A

Leakage of blood clotting factors into the injury

36
Q

What is the process of cells migrating from bloodstream to affected tissue?

A

Diapedesis

37
Q

What to WBCs enter wound site?

A

First neutrophils then monocytes

38
Q

How is pus formed?

A

When macrophages die

39
Q

How long does pus last?

A

Until infection is destroy and then drained or absorped

40
Q

If pus does not drain what happens?

A

results in abscess or inflamed spot, if tissue sloughs away then forms ulcer

41
Q

What is Ulceration a common feature in?

A

People with poor blood circulation i.e diabetics

42
Q

What does fever do?

A

Increase body temperature with inflammatory response

43
Q

Why does fever arise?

A

Bacterial toxins can elevate body temp by stimulating release of cytokines and interleukin-1

44
Q

What does the release of Cytokines and Interleukin-1 do?

A

Hypothalmic set point elevates increased temp and inhibit replication of bacteria

45
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Role in homeostatis and tissue remodelling. ingest and process foreign material

46
Q

What are scavenger receptors?

A

part of macrophage that recognise apoptopic and necrotic cells

47
Q

What are Toll-like receptors?

A

Part of macrophage that recognise pathogens

48
Q

What are Pattern recognition receptors?

A

part of macrophage that detect non-self damage

49
Q

What macrophages express surface molecules?

A

CD11 B, CD68, CD18

50
Q

What do M1 macrophages do?

A

Defend against bacteria and have anti-tumour activity

51
Q

What do M2 macrophages do?

A

Anti-inflammatory action that regulate wound healing

52
Q

What do regulatory macrophages do?

A

Secrete large amounts of IL-10

53
Q

What do Myeloid suppressor (TAM) cells do?

A

Suppress anti-tumour immunity

IMS (53 decks)

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