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IMS > Aetiology of Cancer and Neoplasms II > Flashcards

Aetiology of Cancer and Neoplasms II Flashcards

1
Q

What are selfish cells?

A

Cancer cells with selective advantage over normal regulated cells

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2
Q

What is difference with cancer cells to normal?

A 
Large no. dividing
Large nuclei variable
Small cytoplasmic volume
Variation in cell size and shape
Loss of specialised cell features
Disorganised arrangements
Poorly defined boundary
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3
Q

What are doublings?

A

tumour cell mass doubling in size

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4
Q

What is Carcinogenesis?

A

Process of inducing cancer

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5
Q

What is a change to DNA called?

A

Mutation

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6
Q

What are 6 hallmarks?

A 
Resisting cell death
sustain proliferative signalling
Evading growth surpressors
Activate invasion and metastis
Enable replicative immortality
Induce angiogenesis
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7
Q

How do cancer cells sustain proliferative signalling?

A

Acquire mutations short circuit leading to unregulated growth

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8
Q

What is an e.g of sustaining proliferative signalling?

A

Mutation in Ras oncoprotein disrupts normal negative feedback

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9
Q

How do cancer cells evade growth suppressors?

A

Acquired mutations interfere with inhibitory pathways

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10
Q

What is an e.g of growth suppressor?

A

P53 inactivated

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11
Q

How do cancer cells resist cell death?

A

Evade apoptotic signals

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12
Q

What is an e.g of resisting cell death?

A

Dysregulation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family

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13
Q

How do cancer cells enable replicative immortality?

A

Cancer cells maintain the length of their telomeres

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14
Q

what is an e.g of replicative immortality?

A

Overexpression of telomerase

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15
Q

How do cancer cells induce Angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new blood vessels need for tumour survival and expansion

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16
Q

How do Cancer cells activate invasion and metastasis?

A

Move to other parts of body and start secondary tumours

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17
Q

How does cancer grow and spread?

A

Duplicate and invade surrounding tissue, produces TAFs and competes with normal tissue killing it for space some cells detach to create secondary tumour

18
Q

What are the 4 metastatic steps?

A

Motility and invasion from primary site
Embolism and circulation in blood or lymph system
Arrest in a distant capillary
Extravasation into target organ

19
Q

What external stimulus do tumour cells use to metastasize?

A

Tumour associated macrophages TAMS that supply cancer with EGF epidermal growth factor and CSF-1

20
Q

What are 4 Enabling hallmarks?

A

Deregulating cellular energetics
Avoiding immune destruction
Genome instability and mutation
Tumour promoting inflammation

21
Q

How does genome instability and mutation work?

A

Several chromosomal abnormalities drive tumour progression

22
Q

What is an eg of genome instability?

A

defects in BRCA 1/2 in breast cancer

23
Q

How does tumour promoting inflammation work?

A

Inflammatory cytokines promote tumour growth

24
Q

What is an eg of tumour promoting inflammation?

A

Promotes angiogenesis

25
Q

How do cancer cells avoid immune destruction?

A

Invisible to bodys immune system -disable immune system and regulate Tregs and MDSCs

26
Q

How do cancer cells deregulate cellular energetics?

A

Use abnormal metabolic pathways to generate energy - high rate of glycolysis

27
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for Sustaining proliferative signalling?

A

EGFR inhibitors

28
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for Evading growth surpressors?

A

Cyclin dependant kinase inhibitors

29
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for Avoiding immune destruction?

A

Immune activating anti-CTLA4 mAb

30
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for Enabling replicative immortality?

A

Telomerase inhibitors

31
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for Tumour promoting inflammation?

A

Selective anti-inflammatory drugs

32
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for activating invasion and metastasis?

A

Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met

33
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for inducing angiogenesis?

A

Inhibitors of VEGF signalling

34
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for genome instability and mutation?

A

PARP inhibitors

35
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for Resisting cell death?

A

Proapoptotic BH3 mimetics

36
Q

What is the Therapeutic target for Deregulating cellular energetics?

A

Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors

37
Q

What 3 areas co-opt and form the Tumour stroma?

A

Vascular elements
Fibroblasts
Macrophages

38
Q

What is a chemical agent or radiation that causes cancer?

A

Carcinogen

39
Q

What are cancer causing genes called?

A

Oncogenes

40
Q

Where are oncogenes derived from?

A

Proto-oncogenes

41
Q

What are 3 carcinogenic agents?

A

Chemicals, Radiation, Microbiologicals

IMS (53 decks)

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