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IMS > Self recognition, Tolerance and Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Self recognition, Tolerance and Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What does Dendritic cells do?

A

Process antigen material and present on cell surface of T cells

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2
Q

How do B-cells work?

A

make antibodies which circulate and bind to antigens which attrack phagocytosis by neutraphils and macrophages

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3
Q

How do T cells work?

A

Helper cells - used cytokines to help leukocytes eliminate antigen
Cytotoxic - killer cells, kills cells that are antigen presenting

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4
Q

What type of immunity is B and T cells?

A

B is humoural

T is cell mediated

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5
Q

How are T helper cells activated?

A

Antigen presenting cells costimulate with inactive cD4 t cells to activate it

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6
Q

How are Cytotoxic killer cells activated?

A

Virus infected body cell costimulates by IL-2 from helper cells with inactive CD8 to activate killer cell

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7
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Immune cell non-reactivity to antigens

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of tolerance?

A

Self, Neonatal and Acquired

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9
Q

What is self tolerance?

A

Tolerance to innate antigens

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10
Q

What is neonatal tolerance?

A

Antigents encountered within hours after birth

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11
Q

What is acquired tolerance?

A

Development of self tolerance and self recognition by mature b and t cells

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12
Q

What breakdown can cause autoimmune disease?

A

Immunological tolerance

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13
Q

What type of selections are in T cells of the thymus?

A

Negative and positive

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14
Q

When does selection of t cells occur?

A

After they emerge from the thymus and selection of b cell

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15
Q

What is an acquired tolerance?

A

Non reactivity to an antigen that should cause an immune response

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16
Q

What is a example of an acquired tolerance?

A

Failure of immune system to destroy sperm and eggs

Oral tolerance

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17
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE mediated - degranulation of mast cells, allergic asthma and takes 30 min

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18
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity and time?

A

IgG mediated - cytotoxic raction, complement lysis - takes days for drug allergies

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19
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity and time?

A

IgG mediated - 6-8 hours - immune complex reaction that complements activation - allergic vasculitis

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20
Q

What is type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

T cell mediated takes 2-3 days, allergic skin contact, delayed type

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21
Q

What type of antigen and effector mechanism is type 1?

A

Soluble and mast cell activation

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22
Q

What type of antigen and effector mechanism is type 2?

A

Cell associated antigen/cell surface receptor, antibody alters signalling and FcR cells complement

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23
Q

What type of antigen and effector mechanism is type 3?

A

Soluble antigen and complements phagocytes

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24
Q

What type of antigen and effector mechanism is type 4?

A

Soluble antigents and macrophage activation, igE production and killer cells

25
Q

What are a few general properties of allergens?

A

Small, soluble, long lasting, low dose of allergen, mucosal, protease, th2 immune

26
Q

Which organs do type 1 mainly manifest?

A

Skin mucosa then Respiratory

27
Q

How are type 1 IgE mediated?

A

Atopic diseases caused by individuals mount over zealous responses e.g dust allergens

28
Q

What type of allergens activate PAR receptors?

A

Protease

29
Q

What does mast cell granulation release?

A

Increased blood flow, increase mucus secretion, fluid secretion - puffy eyes , runny nose

30
Q

What 5 reactions are IgE mediated?

A

Systematic anaphylaxis, Acute urticaria, Seasonal rhinoconjuctivities, asthma and food allergy

31
Q

What IgE mediated reaction is caused in the upper airways?

A

Rhinitis

32
Q

What IgE mediated reaction is caused in the lower airways?

A

Asthma

33
Q

What can allergic Rhinitis and asthma cause?

A

Airway remodelling hyperplasia, fibrosis

34
Q

What can Anaphylaxis do?

A

Direct route into blood stream, lowers BP and airway constriction

35
Q

What mutants trigger cold induced urticaria?

A

NLP3

36
Q

What can overly sensitive mechanotransduction induce?

A

Mast cell degranulation

37
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Mainly kill parasites by reacting towards opsonised parasites

38
Q

How can you treat mediator actions?

A

Antihistamines and b-blockers

39
Q

How can you treat chronic imflammatory reactions?

A

Corticosteroids

40
Q

How can you treat Th2 responses?

A

Desensitisation therapy by injections

41
Q

How can you treat IgE binding to mastcell?

A

Anti-IgE antibodies

42
Q

What were IgE responses originally evolved to do?

A

Destroy helminth and pathogens

43
Q

How is Chronic inflammation caused?

A

Mediated by IgE and by apoptosis of keratinocytes

44
Q

What do Type 2 antibodies attach to?

A

Epitopes on self cells

45
Q

What does Type 2 induce?

A

Activation of compliment

46
Q

What does Type 2 result in?

A

Vasodilation and migration of phagocytic cells to the effected tissue

47
Q

What do type 2 cells promote?

A

Activation of membrane attack complex

48
Q

What does type 3 target?

A

Immune complex deposition on vessel walls causes arthritis, nephritis

49
Q

What are type 3 receptors caused by?

A

Antigen (self or non-self) antibody complexes

50
Q

What does type 3 promote?

A

Inflammatory response - local or systematic

51
Q

What is a type 3 local response?

A

Individual immunised against an antigen of a high conc

52
Q

What is a type 3 systematic response?

A

Antigen complexes may form systematically - promote wide inflammatory response

53
Q

What is an e.g of type 3 systematic response?

A

Post infectious glomerulonephritis - antibody stuck in glomeruli of kidney and inflamed, could be due to infection

54
Q

How does Type 4 work?

A

Antigen injected to tissue and processed by local antigen presenting cells, Th1 effector cell recognises and releases cytokines acting on vascular endothelium and recruits phagocytes to site

55
Q

What are the 3 types of type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

Delayed type, Contact, Gluten sensitive enteropathy

56
Q

What agent is related to contact dermititis?

A

Hapten

57
Q

What cells does contact agent bind with to self proteins?

A

Langerhann cells

58
Q

How does BCG type 4 work?

A

Injection of inactivated will cause localised response and indicated if individual has had before

59
Q

What happens in coeliac disease?

A

Peptides produced from gluten dont bind to MHC molecules and enzyme modigied the peptides to bind, bound peptide activates gluten specific cells, T cells kill epithelia

IMS (53 decks)

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