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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 46 > Flashcards

Chapter 46 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive cycle?

A
  • production of offspring

- nutrition to the offspring

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2
Q

What are the essential organs of the female reproductive cycle? Function?

A
  • ovaries

- make gametes aka oocytes

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A
  • ducts or modified ducts such as uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
  • vulva (external genitalia)
  • additional glands such as mammary glands
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4
Q

What is the perineum?

A

-skin covered muscular region between the vaginal opening and the anus

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5
Q

What is the clinical significance of the perineum during childbirth?

A
  • can be torn

- tearing can result in anal leakage and partial uterine or vaginal prolapse

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6
Q

Where are the ovaries?

A

-the sit on either side of the uterus

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7
Q

What holds the ovaries in place?

A
  • the broad ligament

- the ovarian ligament

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8
Q

What does the broad ligament do?

A

-holds the posterior surface

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9
Q

What does the ovarian ligament do?

A

-holds the ovaries to the uterus

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10
Q

What is the clinical significance of the uterine tubes not being directly connected to the ovaries?

A
  • pregnancy can occur in the pelvic area (ectopic pregnancy)

- loose configuration allows bacteria to spread from the genital tract to the pelvis

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11
Q

What is the microscopic structure of the ovaries?

A
  • cortex

- medulla

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12
Q

What is found in the cortex?

A
  • thousands of ovarian follicles

- immature sex cells and their supporting cells

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13
Q

What is found in the medulla?

A
  • connective tissue cells
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
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14
Q

What attracts the sperm to the ovum?

A

-progesterone

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15
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A
  • oogenisis (egg production)

- secretion of estrogen and progesterone which helps regulate the reproductive cycle in females

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16
Q

What is the corpus luteum and what does it do?

A
  • a Graafian follicle without an oocyte
  • yellow mass
  • secretes progesterone (stops uterine shedding) and inhibin which stops the releasing of eggs
  • secretes relaxin to prevent uterus from contracting
  • secretes estrogen which maintains uterine wall for implantation
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17
Q

What are the uterine tubes?

A

-two tubes that extend off the corners of the uterus

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18
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine tubes?

A
  • inner mucous layer
  • muscle layer
  • serous layer
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19
Q

What are the three divisions of the uterine tube?

A
  • infundibulum: has fimbrae
  • ampulla: where fertilization occurs
  • isthmus: where it attaches to the uterus
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20
Q

How long does it take for the egg to implant after fertilization?

A

-7 to 10 days

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21
Q

What are fimbrae?

A

-fingers that sweep up the ovulated ovum into the uterine tubes

22
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

-the ampulla

23
Q

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

A

-to carry eggs to the uterus

24
Q

What is the structure of the uterus?

A
  • body
  • fundus
  • cervix (internal os and external os)
25
Q

What position does the uterus sit in the body?

A
  • bent forward onto the bladder

- anteflexed

26
Q

What is the external os?

A

-the outer opening from cervix to vagina

27
Q

What is the internal os?

A

-the inner opening from cervix to vagina

28
Q

What is the anterior/posterior fornix?

A
  • little spaces that retain seminal fluid near the external os for a small time after intercourse
  • holds onto sperm to prevent it from leaking out
29
Q

What is the clinical significance of retroflexion?

A
  • when the uterus is bent backward instead of forward

- just abnormal, not harmful

30
Q

What is the clinical significance of the rectouterine pouch?

A
  • leaking fluid can gather there at the base of the abdomen

- use of needles and syringes to remove excess fluid

31
Q

What are the three layer of the uterus?

A
  • endometrium: inside mucous layer
  • myometrium: thick smooth muscle layer
  • perimetrium: serous membrane that decreases friction
32
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium? Description?

A
  • stratum functionalis: the fertilized egg grows into this layer; this layer is shed during menstruation
  • stratum basalis: dense inner layer that attaches to the myometrium and regrows the stratum functionalis layer
33
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A
  • permits sperm to ascend toward the uterine tubes
  • allows a fertilized egg to implant in the endometrial lining
  • produces myometrial contractions that help push the baby out
  • sheds the endometrial lining if there is no implantation
34
Q

What are some contraceptive methods?

A
  • oral contraceptives: holds you in premenstrual phase, inhibits LH
  • intrauterine device explain: creates an inflammatory response that kills and blocks sperm
35
Q

What is menarche?

A
  • when the menstrual flow first occurs
  • usually about 13 years old
  • recurs about every 28 days for 30 years
36
Q

What is menopause?

A
  • when menses ceases
  • about 40-50 years old
  • follicular cells are no longer sensitive to FSH and LH
37
Q

Where are breasts located?

A

-they lie over the pectoral muscles

38
Q

What makes up a breast?

A

-mammary glands surrounded by adipose tissue

39
Q

What promotes breast development?

A
  • estrogen stimulates growth of ducts

- progesterone stimulates the development of cells that secrete milk

40
Q

What is the structure of breasts?

A
  • alveoli
  • lobules
  • lobes
  • ductules
  • ducts
  • lactiferous ducts
  • lactiferous sinuses
41
Q

What is the function of the areola?

A
  • contains sebaceous glands that help reduce irritating dryness caused by suckling
  • contains pheromones that enhance the mother-infant social bond
42
Q

What hormones play a role in controlling lactation?

A
  • estrogen promotes development of ducts
  • progesterone promotes completion of development of the ducts and development of alveoli; makes the cells that make the milk
  • prolactin stimulates the alveoli to secrete milk
  • oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells in the alveoli to eject milk into the ducts (lactiferous duct and sinus)
43
Q

What are suspensory ligaments of cooper?

A
  • they help support the glandular and connective tissue of the breast
  • they anchor the breasts to the underlying pectoral muscles
44
Q

What is the vagina?

A

slide 22

45
Q

What is the vagina? What does it contain?

A
  • collapsible tube capable of stretching

- contains exocrine mucous glands that secrete lubricating fluid

46
Q

Where is the vagina positioned in the body?

A
  • the opening between the rectum and the ureter

- extends from labia minora to cervix

47
Q

What is the hymen?

A

-a fold of mucous membrane that forms a border around the external opening of the vagina

48
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A
  • lubricates and stimulates the glans penis
  • serves as a receptacle for semen
  • serves as the lower portion of the birth canal
  • serves as a way of transport for blood and tissue shedding during menstruation
49
Q

What are the components that collectively make up the vulva? Descriptions?

A
  • mons pubis: skin covered pad of fat over the pubic symphysis
  • labia majora: fold on the lateral sides of the vaginal opening (homologous to the scrotum)
  • labia minora: medial to the labia majora
  • clitoris: erectile tissue just behind the junction of the labia minora (homologous to the penis)
  • vaginal orifice: opening of the vagina
  • greater vestibular glands
  • lesser vestibular glands
50
Q

What is the function of the vulva?

A
  • mons pubis and labia prevent injury to the clitoris and vestibule, also helps prevent bacteria from entering
  • vaginal orifice serves as the boundary between internal and external genitals
  • clitoris becomes erect during sexual stimulation
51
Q

Why is estrogen important?

A
  • works with progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis
  • promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and the breasts
  • increases protein anabolism (strong bones)
  • lowers blood cholesterol
52
Q

What is the space between the two sets of labia referred to as?

A

-vestibule

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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