Chapter 44

Question 1

What does an acid do?

Answer 1

-donates a hydrogen

Question 2

What does a base do?

Answer 2

-accepts a hydrogen

Question 3

What is pH? What does low/high mean?

Answer 3

• the concentration of hydrogen ions
• low: acidic (more H)
• high: alkaline/basic (less H)

Question 4

What is the pH range? What is the normal blood range?

Answer 4

• 0-14

- 7.35-7.40 (alkaline)

Question 5

What are the three mechanisms of maintaining pH?

Answer 5

• buffer system
• exhalation of CO2
• kidney excretion of H

Question 6

What do buffers do?

Answer 6

-prevent any drastic change in a solution of pH

Question 7

What are the three types of buffer systems?

Answer 7

• protein buffer system
• carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
• phosphate buffer system

Question 8

What is the protein buffer system?

Answer 8

• most abundant in ICF and plasma; hemoglobin and albumin
• when a strong acid is given, extra hydrogen is picked up by amino acids
• when a strong base is given, extra OH is converted to water

Question 9

What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 9

• if a strong acid is given, bicarbonate will pick up and extra H
• if a strong base is added, it turns into water

Question 10

What is the phosphate buffer system?

Answer 10

• if a strong acid is given, extra H is picked up by the base
• if a strong base is given, extra OH is turned into water

Question 11

What does increased CO2 in the blood cause?

Answer 11

-more CO2 = lower pH

Question 12

Where does secretion of hydrogen in the kidneys take place?

Answer 12

-convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

Question 13

When do the kidneys secrete more H ions?

Answer 13

-if the pH is low

Question 14

What does alkalosis mean?

Answer 14

• blood pH is too high (basic)

- above 7.4

Question 15

What dies acidosis mean?

Answer 15

• blood pH is too low

- below 7.35

Question 16

What happens with alkalosis?

Answer 16

• increased neural synapses
• spasms
• twitching

Question 17

What happens with acidosis?

Answer 17

• decreased neural synapses
• low energy
• confusion
• weakness

Question 18

What does metabolic alkalosis mean? What can it be caused by?

Answer 18

• not enough acid in the blood
• vomiting
• drugs/ too many antacids

Question 19

How can you treat metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 19

• breathing into a paper bag

- IV solutions

Question 20

What does respiratory alkalosis mean? What can it be caused by?

Answer 20

• not enough carbon dioxide
• hyperventilation
• high altitude
• pulmonary diseases
• severe anxiety/stress

Question 21

How can you treat respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 21

• breath into a paper bag

- inhale CO2

Question 22

What does metabolic acidosis mean? What can it be caused by?

Answer 22

• too much acid in the blood
• diarrhea
• accumulation of acid
• lack of kidney excretion
• untreated diabetes (ketoacidosis)

Question 23

How can you treat metabolic acidosis?

Answer 23

• hyperventilation

- IV solutions

Question 24

What does respiratory acidosis mean? What can it be caused by?

Answer 24

• too much carbon dioxide
• decreased exhalation
• emphysema
• pulmonary edema
• airway obstruction

Question 25

How can you treat respiratory acidosis?

Answer 25

-hyperventilation