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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

1
Q

What organs make up the lower digestive tract?

A
  • small intestine

- large intestine

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2
Q

What accessory organs help with digestion in the lower digestive tract?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • vermiform appendix
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3
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • digestion

- absorption

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4
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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5
Q

What are the components of the wall of the small intestine?

A
  • plicae
  • villi
  • microvilli
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6
Q

What are plicae? Function?

A
  • the folds of the small intestine

- increase surface area for absorption

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7
Q

What are villi? Function?

A
  • the folds on the plicae
  • increase surface area
  • contains arteriole, venule, and lacteal
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8
Q

What are microvilli? What cells have them? Function?

A
  • the hairs along the villi along the plicae
  • enterocytes
  • increase the surface area
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9
Q

What are the wall layers of the small intestine?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the small intestine made of?

A
  • goblet cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • tuft cells
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11
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

-secrete mucus

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12
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

-secrete hormones

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13
Q

What do tuft cells do?

A

-secrete prostaglandins and endorphins

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14
Q

What are the valleys between the villi called? What cells are found here?

A
  • intestinal crypts
  • intestinal stem cells
  • paneth cells
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15
Q

What do Paneth cells do?

What do intestinal stem cells do?

A
  • secrete lysozyme to inhibit bacterial growth

- to regrow the epithelium

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16
Q

What is the movement of peristalsis?

A

-weak; lasts 3-5 hours

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17
Q

What is the movement of segmentation?

A
  • local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices

- sloshing back and forth

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18
Q

What are the divisions of the large intestines?

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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19
Q

What is the ileocecal valve? What does it join?

A

-permits material to pass from the ileum to the cecum of the large intestine

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20
Q

What is the cecum?

A

-blind-ended pouch located in the lower right quadrant

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21
Q

What accessory structures join the cecum?

A

-where the appendix attaches

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22
Q

Where is the ascending colon?

A
  • right side of the abdomen

- extends to the liver

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23
Q

What is the hepatic flexure?

A

-the turn by the liver

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24
Q

Where is the transverse colon?

A
  • passes horizontally across the abdomen

- below liver, stomach, and spleen

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25
Q

Where is the descending colon?

A

-descend vertically on the left side of the abdomen

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26
Q

What is the splenic flexure?

A

-the turn by the spleen

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27
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon?

A

-courses downward in the shape of an S

28
Q

Where is the rectum?

A
  • joins the sigmoid colon from the left

- that’s why patients lie on their left side when giving an enema

29
Q

What are the transverse rectal folds/rectal valves?

A

-the folds of the rectum that help hold the feces in place

30
Q

What is the anal canal?

A
  • controlled by sphincters

- the terminal inch of the rectum

31
Q

What sphincters are found in the anal canal? Involuntary or Voluntary?

A
  • internal anal sphincter: involuntary

- external anal sphincter: voluntary

32
Q

What is the opening of the anal canal called?

A

-anus

33
Q

What are the unique properties of the walls of the large intestine?

A
  • contains intestinal mucous glands
  • no villi
  • teniae coli
  • haustra
  • epiploic appendages
34
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

-longitudinal muscles grouped into ribbons

35
Q

What are haustra?

A

-pouches created by the circular muscles

36
Q

What are epiploic appendages?

A

-fat that sticks off of the large intestine

37
Q

Where is the vermiform appendix located? Function?

A
  • sticks off of the cecum

- may help grow the bacteria in the stomach

38
Q

What type of cells are found in the vermiform appendix?

A

-lymphoid tissue

39
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

-large, continuous sheet of serous membrane

40
Q

Where is the parietal layer? Visceral layer?

A
  • parietal: lines the walls of the entire abdominal cavity

- visceral: forms a serous outer coat on many of the organs

41
Q

What does intraperitoneal mean?

A

-within the peritoneum

42
Q

What organs are intraperitoneal?

A

-lots of them

43
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

-outside the peritoneum

44
Q

What organs are retroperitoneal?

A
  • suprarenal gland
  • aorta
  • duodenum
  • pancreas
  • ureters
  • colon: ascending/descending
  • kidneys
  • esophagus
  • rectum
45
Q

What are the large folds of the peritoneum? Location? Function?

A
  • greater omentum: apron of fat; protection
  • falciform ligament: by the liver; divides right and left lobe
  • lesser omentum: attaches liver to lesser curvature of the stomach
  • mesentery: where fat is stored in males, holds the intestines together
  • mesocolon: binds transverse colon to sigmoid colon
46
Q

Where is the liver?

A

-largest gland that lies underneath the diaphragm

47
Q

What connects the liver to the diaphragm?

A

-coronary ligaments

48
Q

What are the divisions of the liver? What divides it?

A
  • right and left lobe

- falciform ligament

49
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

-lobules

50
Q

What macrophages are fixed in the liver?

A

-stellate macrophages

51
Q

What is the pathway of bile from the liver to the small intestine?

A

-hepatocytes -> R and L hepatic duct -> common hepatic duct

52
Q

Where is the gallbladder located? Function?

A
  • pear-shaped attachment on the underside of the liver
  • stored bile and ejects it when food enters the duodenum
  • DOES NOT make bile
53
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

-lies in the arms of the duodenum

54
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

-secretes pancreatic juices

55
Q

How do pancreatic juices enter the small intestine?

A

-pancreatic duct joins with common bile duct which has an accessory duct that enters the duodenum

56
Q

What division of the small intestine do pancreatic juices enter?

A

-duodenum

57
Q

How are exocrine cells arranged in the pancreas?

A

-arranged in acini

58
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A
  • pancreatic islets secrete hormones

- glucagon and insulin

59
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism: maintaining blood glucose levels
  • lipid metabolism: synthesize or store fat
  • protein metabolism
  • detoxifies drugs and hormones
  • breaks down and removes olf red blood cells
  • secretes bile
  • storage of iron, vitamin B12, and vitamin D
  • hematopoiesis during fetal development
60
Q

Where in the small intestine does the common bile duct open?

A

-the duodenum

61
Q

What are the components of a lobule?

A
  • hepatocytes
  • central vein
  • portal (hepatic) triad
62
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

-liver cells

63
Q

What is the hepatic triad? What makes it up?

A
  • interlobular artery
  • interlobular portal vein
  • interlobular bile duct
64
Q

What is the function of each component of the hepatic triad?

A
  • interlobular artery: oxygenates hepatocytes
  • interlobular portal vein: inspection
  • interlobular bile duct: bile canaliculi -> bile ductules -> bile duct
65
Q

What is the blood supply from the liver to the heart?

A
  • liver sinusoids
  • central vein
  • hepatic vein
  • inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
66
Q

What layer of the GI tract is the visceral layer of the peritoneum?

A

-serosa

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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