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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • to maintain fluid balance
  • immunity
  • absorption of fats from small intestine and transport to large systemic veins
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2
Q

Why is the lymphatic system considered part of the circulatory system?

A
  • consists of a moving fluid derived from blood/tissue fluid
  • consists of vessels that return the lymph to the blood
  • the vessels parallel venous return
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3
Q

What is the difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure?
What does this have to do with in the interstitial spaces and lymphatic system?

A
  • hydrostatic = fluid pushing out
  • osmotic = fluid wanting in
  • plasma is drained into interstitial spaces so it wants to leave there via lymphatic vessels
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4
Q

What structures are included in the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymph
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphoid tissue (reticular tissue, contains lymphocytes, located along vessels
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5
Q

What is lymph?

A

-clear, watery-appearing fluid in lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

-fluid that fills the spaces between the cells

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7
Q

What is unique about lymphatic vessels? How do they begin?

A
  • do not form a closed circuit

- begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of soft tissues in the body

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8
Q

What are the blind-ending vessels in the small intestines called?

A
  • lymphatic capillaries

- the openings in the small intestines are called lacteals

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9
Q

What is the structure of the lymphatic system?

A

-single layer of flattened endothelial cells

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10
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels found?

A
  • next to blood capillary networks

- interstitial spaces

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11
Q

What is the structure of the lymphatic vessel network?

A

-they branch and anastomose extensively

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12
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct? What regions of the body does it drain?

A
  • one of two beginning branches before they branch off like trees
  • drains right arm, right side of head, and right thoracic cavity (right upper quadrant)
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13
Q

What is the thoracic duct? What regions of the body does it drain? Where does it empty into?

A
  • one of two beginning branches before they branch off like trees
  • drains the lower extremities, left arm, left thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and left side of head (everything except right upper quadrant
  • empties into the left subclavian
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14
Q

What is the cisterna chyli? Location? Function?

A
  • dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct
  • at L2
  • where fatty lymph (chyle) collects from the intestines
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15
Q

What is different between lymphatic vessels and veins?

A
  • thinner walls
  • more valves
  • located at certain intervals
  • very permeable
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16
Q

What is the importance of their permeability?

A

-allows very large molecules and proteins to be removed from the interstitial spaces

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17
Q

What is the circulation of lymph?

A

-lymph capillaries -> lymph vessels -> lymph nodes -> lymph trunks -> lymph ducts

18
Q

How is lymph circulation kept?

A
  • pressure

- respirations and skeletal muscle contractions

19
Q

What is the flow of lymph called?

A

-lymphokinesis

20
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organ? Function?

A
  • red bone marrow
  • thymus
  • stem cell division and immunocompetence
21
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs? Function?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • lymphatic nodules
  • site of most immune responses
22
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A
  • in the mediastinum

- in the lower neck

23
Q

What is the structure of the thymus? Function?

A
  • two pyramidal lobes divided into lobules by connective tissue septa
  • covered by a fibrous capsule
  • final site of lymphocyte development
  • secretes thymosin which allows maturation of T cells
24
Q

What is the thymic cortex? Location?

A
  • where immature t cells migrate to mature (from red bone marrow)
  • outside portion
25
Q

What is the thymic medulla? Location?

A
  • contains thymic corpuscles (keratinized epithelial cells)
  • contains mature t cells
  • contains macrophages
  • contains dendritic cells
  • inside portion
26
Q

What is a lymph node?

A

-a bean-shaped structure that receives afferent lymphatic vessels

27
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?

A
  • afferent feed lymph nodes

- efferent emerge from lymph nodes

28
Q

What do you find in lymph nodes?

A
  • b cells
  • t cells
  • macrophages
29
Q

What is the hilum?

A

-the portion where efferent vessels emerge

30
Q

How do lymph nodes appear?

A

-in clusters

31
Q

What are the clinically significant groupings of lymph nodes?

A
  • periauricular
  • submental and submandibular
  • superficial cervical
  • superficial cubital
  • axillary
  • iliac and inguinal
32
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A
  • defense: phagocytose microorganisms and other particles

- hematopoiesis: serves as the final site for maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes

33
Q

What does the lymphatic system have to do with cancer?

A

-can spread cancerous cells

34
Q

What is the spleen? Location?

A
  • located on the left, posterior side of the abdomen directly under the diaphragm
  • behind fundus of stomach and above kidney
  • has white and red pulp surrounded by a fibrous capsule
35
Q

What is white pulp? What is found in there?

A
  • white: b cells and t cells for immune function
  • macrophages
  • surrounds arteries
36
Q

What is red pulp? Purpose?

A
  • removal of rbc and platelets
  • storage of blood
  • production of blood cells during fetal life
37
Q

What are functions of the spleen?

A
  • defense: macrophages
  • tissue repair: monocytes in red pulp migrate to damaged tissue
  • hematopoiesis: monocytes and lymphocytes become activated there
  • rbc and platelet destruction
  • blood reservoir
38
Q

Where are lymphatic nodules found?

A

-scattered throughout GI tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, and respiratory airways

39
Q

What are tonsils?

A

-masses of lymphoid tissue under mucous membrane in mouth and back of trhoat

40
Q

What are the different kinds of tonsils? Location?

A
  • palatine: either side of throat
  • pharyngeal (adenoids): near posterior opening of nasal cavity
  • lingual: near the base of the tongue
41
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

-protect against bacteria from the oral or nasal cavities

Anatomy and Physiology II (19 decks)

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